Biosphere: imingcele uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Ukwakheka uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; umkhawulo. Umngcele engenhla uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

I uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli ubhekwa igobolondo Zomhlaba, uhlalwe izinto eziphilayo ukuthi ngenkuthalo uguqule kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe ophilayo.

History of the cwaningo

Umqondo uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli njengoba indawo okuhlalwa ongene isayensi Zhan Batist De Lamarck engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu XIX. Nguye weza esiseduzane yokuqonda yayo. Kodwa leli gama livele usosayensi Austrian Edward Suess. Wayesebenza ensimini yokwakheka komhlaba futhi linganisa kuqondwe ngokuphelela kwazo zonke izinto. Manje, lokhu okushiwo inkulumo ethi "Biota". Suess ethulwa hypothesis nocwaningo lwakhe imiphumela indatshana edumile ethi "Face Zomhlaba", elichaza nokwakheka Alps.

Umqondo wanamuhla uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli washayelwa Russian usosayensi geochemist ngubani unolwazi encyclopedic emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi - UVladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Njengoba uprofesa mineralogy eMoscow University, waba umsunguli we "Biosphere" umsebenzi omkhulu, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1926. It is kulo msebenzi, wanikeza incazelo yokuqala enemininingwane kwaleli gama.

V. Vernadsky babekholelwa kufanele ukuthi linganisa - kuyinto endaweni enkulu eyindilinga Zomhlaba, edlala indima force main geochemical. Ngakho, it is a isikhala lapho kukhona ukuphila okwamanje noma yake yaba khona, okungukuthi, ngokuba uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli libhekene khona izinto eziphilayo noma imikhiqizo yabo umzimba ophilayo.

Izinhlobo izakhi ezikulesi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

V. I. Vernadsky ihlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana izinto yisisekelo we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

1. Empeleni okuphilayo, ezakhiwe iqoqo eziphilayo okuyinto.
2. Umsoco imiswe phakathi nangemva umsebenzi eziphilayo izinsalela okuyinto. Kumayelana yamagesi asemkhathini, amalahle, uwoyela nokunye.
3. impahla inert kwakhiwa okuyinto ngaphandle kokungenela eziphilayo.
4. Bioinert izidakamizwa - ekhuthaza okubangelwa umsebenzi eziphilayo ngokuhlanganyela izinqubo abiogenic.

uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; imingcele zinqunywa ngokuhambisana khona sebuningini ngenhla izidakamizwa e amagobolondo emhlabeni.

Ukuhlala daba uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Kusobala ukuthi i-basic amandla izinqubo kanye geochemical uqhubeka iqhaza oyisibopho lokuphila ndaba. V. I. Vernadsky washayelwa umqondo walo. Ukuhlala daba - zonke izinto eziphilayo ezikhona okwamanje, iqoqo elilodwa izingxenye, okuyinto sivezwe kula zokucathula amakhemikhali ukwakheka, isisindo kanye namandla.

Impahla eyinhloko ndaba ophilayo umsebenzi walo ngenxa ubuhlobo imvelo njalo izakhi ukugeleza. Ukusakaza imiswe phakathi ukuphefumula, umsoco, ukukhiqizwa kabusha. Kulesisimo-ke, imisebenzi ebalulekile eziphilayo kungenziwa kubhekwe njengendlela kwamaplanethi uhlamvu enamandla Geological yenqubo.

kufuduka unomphela izakhi zamakhemikhali phakathi umzimba kanye imvelo zombili izinkomba ngokuqhubekayo. Ukwenza umsebenzi we-nqubo Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba budebuduze naleli aphansi amakhemikhali ukwakheka eziphilayo nokubunjwa amakhemikhali uqweqwe eMhlabeni.

Izitshalo ethwele-photosynthesis, e-Jikelele Lwamakheli ukudala amangqamuzana angokwemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kokuba supply elikhulu amandla. Ngakho, le ndaba eziphilayo aqoqana futhi siguqule walandisa zamandla akhishwa imisebe yalo kwelanga. Ukuhambisa amandla yenziwe yaba khona ngenxa ukukhula njalo kanye nentuthuko. Speed ukukhiqizwa kabusha, njengoba ngokufanelekile njengezidalwa ezingaphezu kwabantu V I. Vernadsky, kuyinto izinga lapho amandla is adluliselwe ku-Jikelele Lwamakheli geochemical.

imingcele

Ingxenye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, lapho khona njengamanje eziphilayo, okuthiwa neobiosferoy. Ngamanye amazwi, yesimanje. Futhi isikhala okwakutholakala eziphilayo lasendulo ekhaya paleobiosfery.

Ungqimba ingqikithi Geosphere planethi amathani yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 2420. Lokhu value kuyizikhathi 200 nenqwaba emkhathini. Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi ungqimba eziphilayo impahla nenqwaba Imininingwane Geospheres azinakwa.

Ububanzi futhi ngezinga nesimo sengqondo sokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezingaba eziphilayo kubangele "ukuphila vsyudnost." izidalwa eziphilayo kancane kancane esezinzile ezilwandle nakuzo izilwandle ke yingcweti ezweni. Ngokusho Vernadsky, ukwakheka kanye imingcele uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli ziyashintsha manje.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokungafani nezinye amagobolondo eliwumhlaba kuthathwa kuphela uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli eziyinkimbinkimbi. It wenza umsebenzi "ikhava" we ephilayo futhi indawo yemvelo sebuningini eziphilayo, okungabandakanya abantu.

uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; imingcele ichazwa kanje. Lufaka aphansi zone asemkhathini, zone engenhla lithosphere nazo zonke hydrosphere. Futhi ukuphakama emkhathini, libhekene abandayo, ingcindezi ongaphakeme, kanye emajukujukwini olwandle, ukucindezela okungaba kuze kube 12,000 eziphindwe, - konke lokhu uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Imingcele uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; ngakho ububanzi ngenxa ezihlukahlukene kakhulu ezingenzeka ezibhekwa lokushisa ukubekezelelana eziphilayo.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona ama-bacterium ezingasetshenziswa khona vacuo. Ukulinganiselwa izimo amakhemikhali lithathelwe futhi ubanzi kakhulu. I-real ukuba khona izinto eziphilayo, isibonelo, ngaphansi kwethonya njalo ionizing emisebeni. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi kwezinye izinhlobo eziqinile ukuze ngemibandela ethile bona zingenzeka ngisho ngaphandle uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Ngaphezu mibandela eziyisisekelo, ukuphila eziphilayo ngenxa ukuqinisela ukuzulazula kwama-athomu biogenic zamanje.

Umngcele engenhla uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

khona eziphakeme ezahlukene ezingxenyeni ezahlukene izimpilo emhlabeni emkhathini. Ezindaweni we aseNingizimu naseNyakatho izingongolo, lesi silinganiso kuyinto 8-10 km, iseduze nenkabazwe - 17-18 km, phezu kwazo zonke ezinye izindawo - 20-25 km. Ngakho, ukuphila kugcwele kuphela iThrojani efaka isimeli seseva - engxenyeni engezansi emkhathini

Ebonakalayo umkhawulo ukusakazwa ukuphila emkhathini isezingeni umkhawulo engezansi ka ungqimba lwe-ozone.

hydrosphere

Hydrosphere kwakhiwa olwandle, nasemachibini, emachibini, emifuleni kanye ice. Ngazo zonke izintwa ungukuphila. Iningi eziphilayo matasa ebusweni izingqimba futhi ugu. Kodwa ngisho at a 11.022 amamitha, ukucindezeleka ejulile kwezilwandle (Mary) ukujula, kukhona izakhamuzi. Neobiosfera sihlanganisa inhlabathi ababengenakuzifinyelela ikhaya izidalwa lasendulo.

Umngcele engezansi uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Uma sikhuluma lithosphere, inhlabathi, Yiqiniso, emaningi embhedeni wakhe, kodwa ngaphawula bokuphila kuyinto ijule ngokungaphezulu - cishe 6-7 angu ngomshoshaphansi. Lokhu kusebenza, ngaphezu kwakho konke, emifantwini ezijulile nemihume.

Organisms abahlala uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli;

Izinto eziphilayo zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili, kuye ngokuthi indlela bokukhiqiza namandla adingekayo ekuphileni: Autotrophic futhi heterotrophic. Indawo eliyingxenye kuwo womabili amaqembu iyona Biosphere. uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; imingcele ichazwe ngu ukusatshalaliswa yabo.

Abamele eziphilayo Autotrophic ekudleni kwabo ongakaphathelani ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Lokhu kudinga ukuba elangeni noma amandla izibopho zamakhemikhali compounds wezinto ezingaphili. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi, kanye nabanye ingasetshenziswa njengendlela umthombo wamandla, kuyilapho amandla abenzela izinto amaminerali.

Autotrophs zihlukaniswe subgroups ezimbili. It phototrophs (enombala oluhlaza okotshani) chemotroph (amagciwane). Eyokuqala bayakwazi khona kuphela Ukungena elangeni. Kodwa yesibili, ngokusebenzisa zamakhemikhali i imvelo organic njengendlela umthombo wamandla, kuvamile kakhulu.

Heterotrophs Ngokuphambene, njengoba imithombo yamandla namandla adingekayo izinto eziphilayo ezivezwa nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Okungukuthi, ngaphandle msebenzi wokulungiselela autotrophs khona kwabo ngeke kwenzeke. Izilwane kanye nabantu, njengoba umhlali uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, kukhona eziphilayo heterotrophic.

"Ifilimu of Life"

Bokungafani ukusatshalaliswa ukuphila - lokhu ingenye izici ezibalulekile, okuyinto libhekene uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. Imingcele uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; babe kwabantu aphansi okuphila. Iningi wabuye wabona eslphambanweni izindawo. Ngokuvamile, ukusatshalaliswa lokuphila uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli kuyinto ephawulekayo engalingani. V. I. Vernadsky esethula elithi "ifilimu wokuphila" ukuchaza ngosizo ezindaweni elinabantu abaningi kakhulu we uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli. contact umngcele 'inhlabathi emoyeni. "- kuba sokuqala kulezi amafilimu, Uhlonze lwalo imayelana 2 kuya ku-3 cm imelelwa yesibili contact zone" emoyeni i-inhlabathi "-pribrezhnaya strip kanye zone upwelling. Izoni lwesithathu umelwe Ocean euphotic (200 m), m. E. Mahhala Ukungena endaweni ray welanga.

Ngakho, ukuphila aguqulayo "ubuso bomhlaba," kuhlangene ngokungenakuhlukaniswa welithi "uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli". Imingcele linganisa - ukuphila umngcele.

inhlangano Spatial-functional - indlela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi "wonke umlando Geological wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo." Indoda, njengoba umhlali uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo heterotrophic kuyinto umhlanganyeli oqondile emjikelezweni amandla ukuthi ukusekela ukuphila eMhlabeni.