Art Russian kwekhulu lama-20 nezinhlobo zayo

art "Bangempela" eshumayela amagugu ungenciki wonke eyayidingida izinkinga zezenhlalakahle kanye zomlando Amathrendi, - ephelele, kodwa lomkhuba ngiyaphupha.

Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle zokuphila kwansuku zonke, hhayi sokunaka imibono owandile umphakathi - kokubili loluhlelekile nalolungakahleleki. Russian art kwekhulu lama-20 kwamthinta izinguquko ohlelweni social enamandla, elingaziwa kubo kunoma yiliphi elinye ilizwe.

I ekuqaleni kwekhulu, search for imibono emisha

kweminyaka engu-100 ekhulwini XX lonke impucuko kwakungamadodana enkathini yezinxushunxushu engakaze ibonwe. Ngu ekupheleni zobuchwepheshe intuthuko isibambo isikhathi XX leminyaka isikhala yonke iplanethi, tembangave endaweni elinganiselwe siphakamisele kube uthuthumele isikali kwamaplanethi. Amasiko art kwekhulu lama-20 e-Russia, kanye wonke umsebenzi womphakathi e-Europe naseMelika, usondelene zesikhashana ukuba izenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni wamuva.

izinombolo Magic eveza umsuka leminyaka, njalo edonsa ngilindele ushintsho, ithemba obhekwe, isikhathi esisha esijabulisayo. Yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, owadala udumo emhlabeni wonke ukuba isiko Russian, begxilile esikhathini esidlule, kusale isiko engakwazanga zinyamalale ngobusuku obubodwa.

"World of Art" - inhlangano okuthiwa abaculi ukuthi kwavela 1898 futhi yathatha kanye iziphazamiso kuze 1924, ngaphandle okuyinto akunakwenzeka ukucabanga art kwikota yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 e-Russia. I "miriskusstnikov" abazange babe munye, isitayela Imininingwane elakhiwe - abadwebi, abaculi ingcaca, Okugweda baya ehlukile, ngenkululeko ukubukwa ngenjongo yobuciko kanye nendzima yayo emphakathini. Izici eziningi lo mbono waveza ubuhlakani Mihaila Vrubelya. Loluhlelekile core isisekelo inhlangano babe L. S. Bakst, M. Dobuzhinsky, E. E. Lansere, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev, K. A. Somov. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene, ke kwaba khona abangu-Bilibin, A. Ya. Golovin, I. E. Grabar, KA Korovin, BM Kustodiev, N. K. Rerih, V. A. Serov futhi amanye amakhosi.

Bonke ukuqaphela ukuphakama kwezindlela efaneleyo 'ubhedu kwezobuciko, ingxenye enkulu inkululeko zokudala futhi ngokuzijamela umculi kusukela nezimfundiso yomphakathi, hhayi ekwenqabeleni ukubaluleka yobuciko ekuphileni kwebantfu, ukubhikisha ngokumelene rigidity zezemfundo ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi politicization ngokweqile Umdwebo ngesikhathi Wanderers - ngakolunye. abasekeli Criticised emasikweni "World of Art" ayikwazanga bakwamukele inqubo okusheshayo kokuzalwa "yesigaba sabasebenzi" ubuciko, kodwa kuye kwaba nethonya elikhulu ku-zonke ezobuciko kwekhulu lama-20 Russia - futhi kulabo ababesebenza eSoviet Union, futhi labo abasesikhundleni ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe.

yesimanje

Namashumi okugcina eminyaka yawo yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye babe inkathi yokuzalwa isitayela omusha washiya uphawu ngemisebenzi amakhosi buciko kanye izakhiwo. Wawunodonga izici zayo siqu kwezinye izindawo eYurophu, lapho ngisho ngokuthi ehlukile. EBelgium neFrance, wanamathela igama "Art Nouveau" e-Germany - "Art Nouveau" e-Austria - "Secession". Yazi futhi nangamanye amagama elihlobene ne abaculi abadumile kakhulu lesi sitayela noma amafemu ukukhiqiza Amathrendi efanayo ifenisha, imigexo kanye neminye imikhiqizo: isitayela musha, Guimard isitayela - eFrance, Liberty e-Italy, e-United States - Tiffany isitayela, njll Ubuciko Russia .. izakhiwo kwekhulu lama-20 ngokukhethekile, bamazi njengomuntu isitayela modernist.

Art Nouveau baba ngemva kwenkathi ende yokujama tsi isitayela omunye Amathrendi ekhululekile kakhulu futhi zibukeke kwezobuciko wathatha ijamo. izimila wakhe isici, uhlamvu abushelelezi elihlale Decor imigqa kuhlangene amafomu weJiyomethri elula ekhululekile bakhangwa esiningi freshness okwakhe wabaculi abaklami.

Fodor Osipovich Shehtel (1859-1926) - inkanyezi Russian bokwakha yesimanje. ithalente lakhe akuniké izici kazwelonke ngokuyisisekelo exubile isitayela yobuciko Shechtel - Yaroslavsky Station, Ryabushinsky endlini - lokhu indalo wezakhiwo isiRashiya, futhi bebonke, futhi imininingwane.

vanguard Oku-wamavukelambuso

inqubo nezindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana yobuciko, nokuningi - eqinisweni lakhe elisha - kwakubalulekile ukuba kwezobuciko kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi Melika. art Russian kwekhulu lama-20 iqukethe ezinye izinkathi wamavukelambuso ngempela, uma umsebenzi othile bezinguquko ambalwa bakhomba iziqondiso ezintsha ukuthuthukiswa ukucabanga wobuciko. Omunye yesiteleka umxhwele kakhulu kwaba yinkathi inter-wamavukelambuso kusuka 1905 kuya 1917. Izici avant-garde art eRussia zazibangelwa obumbi Russian ukuphila emphakathini emuva angabhekani nosizi lokukhulelwa Russian-Japanese War kanye Yenguquko 1905.

Kwavela phakathi nalesi sikhathi abaningi avant-garde ukunyakaza futhi umphakathi creative babe phansi ngezizathu ezifanayo futhi odala imigomo efanayo yosesho kwezobuciko. Yiba nethonya elinamandla ubuciko eziyisisekelo kwekhulu lama-20 e-Russian Futurists futhi Cubo-Futurists, "Jack Diamonds" futhi "Blue Rose", Kandinsky futhi Suprematism izindlela Malevich sika ezahlukene ngifuna imihlaba ezintsha, wezwakalisa art ubudala bale nkinga, sesilahlekelwe baphila kwelamaphupho, kwandulelwe obhekwe inhlokomo global .

Phakathi imibono abasanda kuzalwa avant-garde, kwaba umqondo ka zamagama kwezobuciko. art Ukusangana kwekhulu lama-20 Russia iqukethe alandelayo play abadumile - the Manifesto entsha art "Ukunqotshwa the Sun" (1913). Kwakuyoba khona ngenxa lobufanako zokudala izimbongi Futurist A. wasonta, M. Matyushina, Khlebnikov futhi umhlobiso ababulawa Kazimir Malevich.

Cebisa quest yakho art abaculi Konchalovsky, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, ekhulwini lama-20-Russian Mashkov, Goncharova, Marc Chagall baba abalobi imidwebo eziye beqashelwa ngamazwe. Saqala lokhu ukuqashelwa eminyakeni eyishumi kwekhulu XX, ngenkathi ukuzalwa avant-garde Umdwebo umlando wakamuva.

Ukwakhiwa yobuciko Soviet

Ngemva Okthoba Revolution, iRussia yayinabantu ithuba ukuze uvule khathizwe entsha emhlabeni wonke empilweni yomphakathi, kuhlanganise ubuciko. Futhi izimo ziye wadala ekuqaleni, lapho kwanikela anda ukubaluleka wonke umuntu onekhono, wafika ugesi kuqhame imibono emisha zokudala.

Indlela awukudla ngenkathi umlando yobuciko? Ekhulwini lama-20, eRussia, ebhongayo eko - kuyinto unprecedentedly asebenzayo ekuphileni bokubeka amaqembu amaningi ubuciko, phakathi awo:

- UNOVIS - "ubuciko entsha ngoyebo" (Malevich, Chagall, Lissitzky, Leporskaya, Sterligov). Isungulwe ngesisekelo esikoleni art e Vitebsk, lokhu inhlangano kwaba umlweli ngokuba kwezobuciko avant-garde, unikezele funa izingqikithi ezintsha bese amafomu yobuciko.

- "Ubuciko Four" - I-kuhambisana "World of Art" Inhloso esemqoka - ukuze ubonise ezinkulukazi ezingaba ekhululekile bokwakha, ebaziwe, ukudweba kanye Umdwebo. Ukuze ngimemezele isidingo ubuhle kanye nenkululeko creative. Laba bameleli be-ovelele umakhi A. V Schusev, ukuhlela V A. Favorsky, umqophi V I. Muhina, abadwebi Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, AP Ostroumova-Lebedev nabanye.

- "OST", "Society of Iyizeli Abaculi". Kuthathwa main show izimpawu ukuqala impilo entsha enokuthula, ukwakhiwa ezweni abasha zanamuhla besebenzisa isitayela eziphambili bayaxoxa, kodwa ilula futhi icacile. Abaholi: J. Sternberg, A. Deineka, Yu Pimenov, P. Williams.

- "Circle Abaculi" (Leningrad). Ukulandela olusemthethweni exchange rate, ukuthuthukiswa "inkathi isitayela." amalungu akhuthele iqembu: A. Samohvalov, Pakhomov, VA Pakulin.

- AHRR - "Association of Abaculi of Revolutionary Russia" - inyunyana ukuthi yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo kamuva wadala Union of Abaculi be-USSR, esebenzayo umqhubi imigqa kubaholi ngemibono yenqubo kwezobuciko, ithuluzi ze party, izindlalifa Wanderers. Sama ekuqaleni kwazo I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, MB Grekov, B. V Ioganson.

constructionism

Ngo izinhlelo zemfundo ezidumile kakhulu yemfundo nokuqeqesha abaklami samanje njalo ukuhlola isihloko "Constructivism Russian - umklamo avant-garde 20-yalolucwaningo". Lokubaluleke kakhulu ke analo ukuqonda ubuciko isakhiwo, olufanele kakhulu isikhathi eside kukhona imibono eyashiwo abaholi isiqondiso. Izakhiwo lokusinda ngoKonstantin Melnikov (indlu wezakhiwo Krivoarbatsky Lane club Rusakova ku Stromynka, Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage, njll), The Vesnin bazalwane, Moiseya Ginzburga (Narkomfin ku Novinsky Boulevard) nezinye izinkanyezi wezasekhaya yezakhiwo Russian - yesikhwama yegolide izakhiwo kazwelonke.

Functionalism, ukugwema lwaluthintwa ezingadingekile, aesthetics isakhiwo isakhiwo, ukuvumelana adalwe imvelo - la imibono baba ngesisekelo nezinselele ezintsha ezibangelwa ukuba abaklami abasha, abaculi kanye nezifundiswa kwendawo eyaziwa ngokuthi design ezimbonini. Babefanele ukwakha izindlu mass amadolobha amasha, amakilabhu abasebenzi 'ukuthuthukisa ubuntu babo, ukudala izinto eyomsebenzi lonke umuntu omusha. impumelelo Amazing avant-garde we eko ayikwazi indiva ngokufunda ubuciko Russia kwekhulu lama-20. Architecture eYurophu nase Melika sonke isikhathi okwalandela isekelwe kubo. Kuyadabukisa ukuthi la imibono okuqhubekayo babe okungenani ziphoqa ekhaya, kanti impumelelo enkulu bokwakha Soviet kabanzi uthathwa ngokuthi "umbuso kukaStalin".

Art in the kwenkathi ka kobushiqela

Ngo-1932 Ukulungiswa leKomiti Central we CPSU (b) umsebenzi amaqembu art. Inkathi Stormy yezitayela ehlukahlukene izinkomba phezu isenzo eyathandwa amandla imishini isimo kulawulwa apharathasi ngemibono, esaqinisa igunya kuphela. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, ubuciko Russian kwekhulu lama-20, njengoba kakhulu ekuphileni yezwe, isibe sincike imicabango yabantu Ngomuntu oyedwa - Iosifa Stalina.

Izinyunyana Creative babé izindlela kwakuwukuthi imibono kwezobuciko olulodwa ejwayelekile ngemibono. Inkathi sezenhlalo okwangempela in umdwebo. Kancane kancane, yimuphi ukuphambuka kusuka izinga olusemthethweni phathelana zobugebengu, labo abasiphikisayo engene ngaphansi ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu yangempela. Bemanga yokuchezuka emgqeni party kwaba indlela yokuxazulula izingxoxo zokudala. I progressiveness lokhu kuyangabazeka kakhulu. Kanjani ukuthuthukisa, isibonelo, imidlalo yaseshashalazini Russian kwekhulu lama-20, uma kungekhona yizisulu zokucindezelwa wezinguquko enkulu esiteji Vsevolod Meyerhold?

Imvelo ithalente kwezobuciko liyinkimbinkimbi futhi ofuna ukuphumela obala. Izithombe abaholi osuphinde wazalwa ngobuciko obukhulu futhi umuzwa ngobuqotho. Ngisho yokucindezelwa ngesihluku kakhulu alikwazanga ukuvimbela kwavela abaculi abanamakhono ngempela, ngoba ubani into eyayibalulekile yokuzibeka kungakhathaliseki ngohlaka ngemibono.

Bokwakha, kusho ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuba "umbuso kukaStalin". Ukucinga for the avant-garde salandelwa ukubuya canons efakazelwe. Amandla nemibono lamaKhomanisi emelela zezinhlobo umbukwane neoclassicism kusetshenzwe - "namabhilidi" uStalin.

art sempi

Emlandweni wezwe lakithi unesikhathi, waba inhlekelele enkulu kunazo zonke isinyathelo engakaze ibonwe umlando ekukhuleni okungokomoya. Russia art 20-21 ekhulwini bekugcwele izihloko ezisemqoka, kusivumela ukuthi baveze nangobukhulu Russian uhlamvu kazwelonke, imizwa ukuthi ungakwazi kahle umuntu futhi uquqaba omkhulu phakathi nezinxushunxushu zomlando ukujula.

Ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe kusukela ezinsukwini zakuqala ngokucula ebukwayo kwamandla okumangalisayo. I. Toidze poster "I Izingcingo Motherland!" Nakuba ayekhule ukuvikela izwe elingcono kunamanye izinduna, futhi "Ukuvikela Sevastopol 'Deineki kusetshenziswa ubani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imibono ukuthi abelana. Vele umxhwele Seventh Symphony Dmitriya Shostakovicha, kanye nekhono zomculo kwekhulu lama-20 Russia akuyona esingaphansi nezinye izinhlobo umsebenzi wokudala uncome isihloko impi yokulwa wobushiqela.

ncibilika

Ngemva Ukunqoba Omkhulu isici elandelayo enamandla komlando ithonya ekuphileni komphakathi e-USSR ukufa Stalin (Mashi 1953) kanye XX iCongress of the CPSU lowavusa udaba izinqe ihlelo ubuntu. Ngaleso isikhathi esithile ukuze abaculi, kanye wonke umphakathi, umoya wenkululeko bobuchule imibono emisha. Generation "sixties" - lo mkhuba ezithile kakhulu, washiya memory wayezibona umoya esifushane umoya ohlanzekile, wenza nje ngaphambi diving emuva ku-ixhaphozi amashumi eminyaka kulinganiswa, ngesineke, khona ukusebenza kwezikole zokusoka.

I ucwaningo lokuqala kwezobuciko avant-garde we "igagasi yesibili" - isebenza E.Belutin, Yu Sooster V Yankylevsky, B. Zhutovsky njll -. Ukuze embukisweni elalinikezelwe iminyaka engu-30 egatsheni eMoscow we-Union of Abaculi, waba ngokhahlo walahla yena umholi wezwe elisha H . Khrushchev. Party futhi wayichaza kubantu onjani art kubalulekile, futhi abaculi - ukubhala.

Architecture wayalelwa ukuba balwe Ukweqisa ukuthi kuyiqiniso ngenxa yezinkinga zomnotho ka ngemva kwempi, kwase kuyisikhathi sokuba izindlu inhlama, "Khrushchev", okuyinto wazikhipha ezinye ukunemba inkinga yezindlu, kodwa ubuso wayonakalisiwe emizini eminingi.

Ubuciko "ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile"

art Ikakhulu Russian Engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili kakhulu umlando kwezobuciko ubuntu ingxabano kanye imibono evelele. Kodwa ngisho ngaphansi kwesimo isiqondiso ngemibono ucezu isikhala esingokomoya abaculi abaningi ngamunye aye athola izindlela zokwenza kancane ukushintsha indlela enqunyiwe okwangempela sezenhlalo.

Ngakho, kulesi sibonelo kwabasha babe amakhosi eziye eliyindilinga izinkolelo babo ngisho eko: N. Romadin, M. Saryan, A. izingqimba nabanye. Isithombe owayeyilungu art inhlangano "OST" by Yuri Pimenov "Wedding kwi Kusasa Street", ebhalwe ngo-1962, baba lwethemba update umphakathi.

Enye mkhuba yesiteleka kule art Soviet langaleso sikhathi laliwumfuziselo ekudalweni kwendoda nowesifazane "isitayela ezinzima". Kulesi gama libhekisela ukusebenza G. Corjova, P. Ossovsky abazalwane Smolin, P. Nikonov et al. Ngo imidwebo yabo, abhalwe izinhlobo ezahlukene (esifuywayo, historical), lapho wayeyiqhawe abangazange kudingeka izinkomba, simatasa into kuyaqondakala futhi kudingekile. Wayelethwa kuvezwa ngaphandle ngemininingwane engadingekile futhi okujabulisa coloristic, ngamafuphi futhi ngobuciko.

Okubaluleke kakhulu kuba umsebenzi amakhosi ezifana Victor Popkov. umsindo Civil imidwebo yakhe iqukethe ezingavamile ngenxa Soviet art neyobuntu ezivamile, umyalezo cishe zenkolo, futhi imidwebo isitayela elisuka: Yenguquko Italian.

recusancy

ukubusa Esemthethweni "okwangempela sezenhlalo" kwenza abaculi lolungakahleleki thola indlela yabo ukuba umbukeli, noma iphendukele ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe. Kwesokunxele Shemyakin, I. Kabakov, Rabin, E. ezingaziwa, kanye nabanye abaningi. Lawa kwakungamadodana abaculi kwekhulu lama-20 e-Russia, okuyinto esiphathiswa izindinganiso ezingokomoya, ozalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili avant-garde, babuyela ezweni lenkaba yabo ngemva kokuwa nemibono lamaKhomanisi.

Futhi esikhathini okulawula walo livele ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe yangaphakathi, eyaqanjwa umklamo ezidumile uhlanya, zokudakwa umculi owakhileyo izibhedlela engqondo, beshushiswa yiziphathimandla kobuholi Izinyunyana yokudala, kodwa ayazise ngochwepheshe abazimele entshonalanga. A yenethiwekhi ejwayelekile ka ngale ndlela kwaba Zverev - a oyinganekwane ngoba inkathi eMoscow zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni athuthukile.

Polystylistics bunyenti

Esekhululiwe ngobulukhuni isimo nenkathi yamaSoviet, ezobuciko kwekhulu lama-20 e-Russia kwahlanganiswa inqubo global njengoba kuba nolimi ingxenye, kokuba enifana ngakho nabo izakhiwo kanye izitayela. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinkolelo-art, ajwayelekile ENtshonalanga isikhathi eside, abangu yingcweti ngokushesha futhi abaculi bendawo. .. Igama elithi "ukusebenza", "ukufakwa isiqophi", njll aye sekuyinsakavukela enkulumweni yethu, futhi phakathi abaculi ezibaluleke kakhulu owayephila nodumo international - abaculi ukubukwa diametrical ku-ndlela: Zurab Tsereteli, Shilov, T. nazarenko , M. Kishev A. Burganov nabanye abaningi.

Stormy, umlando ezingalindelekile yamuva yezwe, owathatha wesithupha umhlaba eMhlabeni, ufuna esibonibonini yakho - art Russian kwekhulu lama-20 - futhi kubonakala izinkulungwane izithombe ongenakulibaleka ...