Arkhangelsk, Izivakashi: umlando, iminyuziyamu, imibukiso

Umnotho waseRussia wanda ngokushesha ngekhulu le-17. Khona-ke ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kwaqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo echwebeni lase-Arkhangelsk . Ngaphezu kwengxenye yokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kwenzeka kulo. Idolobha lalimelela "ubuso" bezwe ngaphambi kweNtshonalanga Yurophu. I-Arkhangelsk yayidinga izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu ezinamakhomitha amahle kakhulu.

Izindwendwe zezivakashi zedolobha elisenyakatho aziyona nje indawo enhle futhi elula yabathengisi basezizweni nabaseRussia, kodwa futhi yenze umsebenzi wokuzivikela. Namuhla ziyaziwa njengezikhumbuzo eziyingqayizivele zakhiwo zokwakha zamatshe zaseRussia eziqala ngekhulu le-17.

Umlando wendalo

Ngo-1667, u- Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich wakhipha umyalelo oyala ukwakha isakhiwo esikhulu samatshe e-Arkhangelsk endaweni engaba ngu-9 hectare. Imidwebo yinkimbinkimbi yezakhiwo kwakungabahleli bezindawo zasemadolobheni uPG Marcelis noW. W. Scharf.

Ngaleso sikhathi, umuzi, owakhiwe ngamapulangwe, wawulokhu uvutha emlilweni. Umlilo wabhubhisa inani elikhulu lezakhiwo nezindonga zezinqaba, ngakho benza isinqumo - ukwakha kusukela etsheni elithi Gostiny Dvory. I-Arkhangelsk, umlando wayo ucebile, kwakungelula ukwakha isakhiwo sezohwebo, yakha inqaba yangempela enezimboni ezimbili zezivakashi: isiRussia nesiJalimane.

Isikwele esinesikwele esikhulu esiphakathi sakha iNkantolo YaseRussia neJalimane. Le nkimbinkimbi yayinezici zokubaluleka kokuzivikela ezempi. Ngenxa yalokho, amagceke, axhunyiwe yizindonga, imibhoshongo nezinye izakhiwo, ezungezwe yimigodi, yaphenduka yaba yinqaba elikhulu lomuzi.

Ukwakhiwa kwenqaba enkulu yahlala iminyaka engu-16 (1668-1684). Ngo-1693, uPeter I wafika e-Arkhangelsk. Amagceke omuzi, ayewubonile okokuqala, wamjabulisa. Ukuncipha kwabo kuzoqala esikhathini sekhulu le-XVIII, lapho umsebenzi wezomnotho wangaphandle uzodluliselwa eSt. Petersburg. I-Northern Trade Centre, engaziwa, izoqala ukuqubuka.

Ukubuyiselwa kwe-Gostiny Dvor

Ngo-1770, ngemuva kokwamukelwa kwesakhiwo njengesimo esiphuthumayo, kwaqala kabusha kabusha. Izindawo ezihlaselwe yizimboni zaseRussia zazidiliziwe, izitini nama-lime slabs zathunyelwa ukubuyiswa. Inkantolo yaseJalimane kanye nenqaba-dolobha yedolobha cishe isuswe ngokuphelele. Amanxiwa epulazini laseJalimane ahlala kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu baqedwa ngokuphelele.

Phakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ekhulwini le-XVIII isakhiwo sesakhiwo sanikezwa uhlaka lwama-classic, olujwayelekile ekwakhiweni kwaleso sikhathi. Ngo-1788 i-Exchange-singleyed Exchange ne-turret ne-facade yangaphambili yaphakama ngaphezu kwesisekelo esisha. Ehholo lokushintshanisa, bahlela ifenisha, bahlelwe ukuba bahlelwe, behlome izikhala zomlilo. Phakathi nenkathi yokuhamba ngenhla kwe-turret, ifulege yaqhuma futhi i-lantern yatsha.

Esikhundleni se-Stone City, izindawo zokugcina izinto ezinamapulangwe amabili ukuphakama iwayini nosawoti kwakhiwa. Umbhoshongo wesitoreji wanezelwa ekamelweni lokugcina. Le phrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwayo yenzelwe umakhi M. Berezin. Uhlele ukwakha isakhiwo esifanayo eNorth Tower. Kodwa imali encane nokuntuleka kwezinto zokwakha kwakphoqelelwa ukuba umakhi akhiphe ukwakha. Kuphela ngo-1809, ngokubunzima okukhulu, kwakungenzeka ukubeka isiteji sokuqala samaseti ashukela ngaphandle kombhoshongo.

Njengoba ilahlekelwe yinkimbinkimbi yangempela enezindonga ezinamandla, u-Arkhangelsk Gostiny Dvory wathola, kodwa hhayi ngohlobo lokuqala. Ngemuva kwekhulu leminyaka lama-20, idolobha lalahlekelwa inkantolo enkulu eRussia. Kusuka kuso kwahlala kuphela izakhiwo ohlangothini olusentshonalanga, ebheka ukugqunywa kweNyakatho Dvina.

Naphezu kwalokhu, izakhiwo zokwakha nezakhiwo ezikhona: iRussia Gostiny Dvor, umbhoshongo ohlangothini olungasenyakatho, ukuhwebelana kwezitshalo, umshayeli wesitimela kanye nama-depot usawoti, ophakathi kwedolobha eliseduze ne-embankment, ubukeka behloniphekile.

Amakamelo okuphila ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Elikhulu Lezobuzwe

Njengoba sekulahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwezempi, le nkimbinkimbi yahlelwa kabusha yizakhamizi ngenjongo yokuthula. Wadluliselwa kuhulumeni wesigodi, inkantolo, amasiko. Ivuliwe ezitolo zayo zendawo. KuMpi Omkhulu wePatriotic, ama-cellars ama-depot usawoti asetshenziselwa ukuhlaselwa kwamabhomu. Izakhamuzi zasekhaya zazivikela ezikhungweni zomoya.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nempi ezakhiweni zendawo eyinkimbinkimbi zabiwa izakhiwo ze-White Sea flotilla kanye nesikhungo sokuxhumana. Umsebenzi wophiko lwezempi kwakuwukuqinisekisa ukuxhumana ne-Arctic ne-Kara Kara.

Imyuziyamu e-Gostiny Dvor

Kusukela ngo-1981, isikhumbuzo somlando sinikezwe i-museum yedolobha lomhlaba wendawo. Izindwendwe zezivakashi (Arkhangelsk), ngokuqondile, izingxenye zabo ezigcinwe, zaqala ukuvuselelwa. Uhlelo lokubuyiselwa luhlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwenkantolo yaseRussia, imibhoshongo kanye nezakhiwo ohlangothini olusenyakatho, ama-salt depot. Ngemuva kokuphela komsebenzi wokubuyisela ngo-2010, inguqulo elula yeqoqo elikhulu lobuciko latholakala ku-Arkhangelsk. I-Gostiny Dvor manje isikhungo samasiko, isayensi nesemfundo yedolobha.

Emahholo ayo kunezethulo ezithakazelisayo, ezitshela ngezikhumbuzo zemvelo nezinto ezingokomoya zesifunda esenyakatho. Imibukiso eminingana ivame ukuboniswa emnyuziyamu: amagugu amasiko namlando ePomorie nasezindlini zasezindlini ezisenyakatho zaseRussia. Amakamelo amabili anikezwa ngaphansi kwesiboniso esinikezwe kuMVV. Lomonosov. Ngelinye ilanga imibukiso mayelana nezwe elincanyana lasosayensi ohlakaniphile waseRussia liqoqwe, okwesibili i-laboratory idalwe.

Umsebenzi we-museum we-lore wendawo

Izivakashi eziningi zivula iminyango yeGostiny Dvor (Arkhangelsk). Imibukiso yezihloko ezihlukahlukene iphumelelana. Emaphethelweni omsebenzi wezakhiwo kanye namahholo ayo ahamba ngendlela eheha abantu abadala nezingane. Banikeza ulwazi ngamagugu amasiko namasiko esifundeni, ukuqhuba izingqungquthela zesayensi nezisebenzayo.

Izivakashi zimenywe kumakhonsathi we-jazz nomculo we-classic. Hlela imibuzo ethakazelisayo, hlela imikhosi yendabuko, ubusuku bendaba, ama-cadet amabhola, amakilasi aphezulu kanye neminye imicimbi. I-museum inemincintiswano. Indawo ekhethekile inikezwa emncintiswaneni wokuncintisana "Amakhono amancane". Abahlanganyeli bayo bangabanikazi abanethalente, ababandakanyeka kwezobuciko bomdabu.