Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izincwadi. Umlando izincwadi. Incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa

Ukufunda enyamalele ingqondo, kubangela ubuchopho bezikhandla, ivumela ukuthi abaleke izinkinga zansuku zonke futhi bachithe isikhathi wesilisa. Konke lokhu akulona esintwini ekhulu lokuqala aziwa. Yini kukhona amanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo mayelana izincwadi? Impendulo yalo mbuzo itholakala kulesi sihloko.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izincwadi

Priss Papyrus - incwadi zasendulo impela, incwadi walondoloza ngokuyisimangaliso kube yilolu suku. Umbhali wadala umsebenzi wakhe emuva eminyakeni 3350 ngaphambi kukaKristu. Umlando ncwadi ibonisa ukuthi ukungavumelani kwatholakala edolobheni eThebes, elalisendlini omunye imibhoshongo.

Kwenzeka isimanga, lesi sihloko owathintayo umbhali, futhi zenzuzo abakhileyo ezweni lanamuhla. Priss emsebenzini wakhe acoce ukungqubuzana kwezinhloso izizukulwane. UMdali incwadi eminingi yasendulo kubalisa sisakubona intsha owayehlala ngaleso sikhathi. Yena Ukuthuka abafana namantombazane ubuvila, ukuntuleka kwemfundo, esabela kubo imikhuba emibi ahlukahlukene. Namuhla, zebungu ungumnikazi National Library, etholakala e-Paris.

"Diamond Sutra"

amaqiniso neziphawulekayo kanye ethakazelisayo incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa. Okunjalo kubhekwa "Diamond Sutra" - umsebenzi Indian, lahunyushelwa Chinese. IsiShayina Van Chi uyithayiphe indzaba ngo-May 11, iminyaka engu-868.

Kuvele ncwadi enhle kuyinto roll ehlanganisa amashidi eziyisithupha tetheksthi. Futhi kukhona ishidi zokuqopha, oluveza Buddha. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ukudalwa kwemisebenzi ingcweti Chinese wasebenza isikhathi eside. Izitembu-izinhlamvu enziwa inkosi ngobumba, wayesebanga bazishisa usebenzisa kuhhavini ekhethekile. izikhathi eziningana kwadingeka kungangeni muntu kabusha uqale ukudalwa punches, kodwa Van Chi wazibonakalisa indoda nenkani. Paper ukuthi iyeke lamaShayina, babuqinile kanye obukhulu, njengoba afuna ukuba ukulondolozwa unomphela sencwadi yakhe.

I UKUSUNGULWA kobuchwepheshe bokunyathelisa

Kuyaziwa ukuthi umsunguli we zokunyathelisa kuyinto German Gutenberg, kwenzeka emhlabeni 1445. Gutenberg wadala hhayi kuphela cindezela, kodwa ingxubevange isetshenziswa ngokudala izincwadi ezinyathelisiwe, umshini Foundry, alo wefonti. Futhi credit yakhe ekuthuthukiseni inki zavela ngokukhethekile.

Gutenberg IBhayibheli - incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa, adalwe wayeyisazi-German. Lokhu kwenzeke mayelana 50 years of ngekhulu nanhlanu. Lawa kwakungamadodana izikhathi lapho isonto unamandla angaphezu. Akumangazi ukuthi cishe ingxenye yesithathu yabo bonke incunabula besishumayela inkolo. Abamemezeli bokuqala ziye zafuna inqwaba amakhophi - ngokwesilinganiso, lapho bekuya anamakhulu mathathu. Ngaleyo minyaka, izincwadi abakatholakali ekhasini elinesihloko sencwadi. Ulwazi mayelana umbhali, isihloko, ngonyaka ka ncwadi, nokunye ahlinzekwa ekupheleni. Kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15, lolu lwazi kwase kutholakala ekhasini lokuqala.

"Umphostoli" - incwadi yokuqala eyanyatheliswa, eyanyatheliswa ngo-Russia, imininingwane zisekhona kuze kube namuhla. Lokho udumo kungokwalabo printmaker Ivan Fedorov, ohlala eMoscow. Kuyaziwa ukuthi umsebenzi kule ngxenye laqedwa 1564. amakhophi amahlanu esekhona, ezibhekwa rarities. Musa siqambe ukuba khona izincwadi eshicilelwe ngaphambi kwalesi senzakalo.

Kakhulu incwadi ukubhekakade

IBhayibheli liyisipho mhlawumbe kakhulu ukubhekakade akhiqizwa emhlabeni, wehlele izinsuku zethu. Incwadi yomlando ithi e 303 BC, inkosi uDiocletian bayalwa ukuba babulale wonke amalungu omkhaya, uma iBhayibheli litholakala endlini. Ngo-1229 ukuvinjelwa kokufunda lo msebenzi abavamile waphoselwa Toulouse Cathedral. Ngo 1793, esebenzayo ekulweni wahola uhulumeni waseFrance ukuba incwadi engcwele, wakhuthaza "umbuso abo okucabanga. ' Labo abantu babengafuni ukuba balahle ukholo lwabo, ngaphansi ukufa okubuhlungu. Ngokumangalisayo, lo mthetho wethu wathatha cishe iminyaka emine.

Yini enye eningayenza usitshele ngeBhayibheli? Ngokwesibonelo, kufanele wazi ukuthi ayikho incwadi zalabo eziye zaba khona, ayikwazanga ukuphinda kwayo. Lo mkhiqizo usebenzisa i funa njalo okusezingeni eliphezulu iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Ucwaningo olwenziwa ngo-2013 lwakhombisa ukuthi iBhayibheli eyakhishwa ngo 2056 kwi nezilimi zezigodi, futhi bonke kubo, akukho ezingaphezu kwezintathu izinkulungwane.

IBhayibheli - umkhiqizo hhayi kuphela ukubekezela, kodwa futhi eliyisiprofetho. Ososayensi bathi baye abe ngokoqobo iziprofetho ayizinkulungwane 3 kuqukethwe emBhalweni ukuthi phezu.

Mayelana imitapo

Yiqiniso, zikhona nezinye amaqiniso amangalisayo cishe izincwadi ukuthi okungase kuthakazelise abafundi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinsukwini ubudala amabhuku yafakwa embukisweni emashalofini ngaphakathi izimpande. Lokhu kwakudingekile ngenxa yokuthi izimpande imisebenzi akazange ihluke ukuzinza. Uma bephathwa ngobudedengu, masinyane zabuya off, okuholela izincwadi iyona.

emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule, ukufunda kwaba umdlalo kuyabiza, futhi kwaba atholakale kubantu abacebile kuphela. Izincwadi ababekhona kule imitapo yomphakathi, kwakungenakwenzeka ukweba. Ukuvikela amavolumu eyigugu esetshenziswa ngamaketanga eside ngazo banamathela emashalofini.

Kwenzeka isimanga, lesi "Bookworms" - akusiwona nje abantu abangakwazi ukucabanga ukuphila ngaphandle kokufunda. Izinambuzane, ngiyajabula ivolumu, zikhona.

I enkulu

Awukwazi ukushiya ngaphandle ukunakwa ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso mayelana izincwadi zezingane. Kuyinto ngaleso abafundi lomncane kanye umsebenzi ebhekiwe "I enkulu ncwadi emhlabeni izingane." Brainchild of endlini ukushicilela "uJohane" budalulwa ngo-2004. Ubude isimangaliso ivolumu has amamitha ayisithupha, ububanzi ngamamitha amathathu. Ukuze uqhathanise, usayizi ofanayo ikamelo isilinganiso efulethini elincane. Impression isisindo izincwadi, esakhiwa 492 kg. Iqukethe izinkondlo abalobi Russian abadumile samanje kanye netitfombe letinemibala lehlukene.

Ngaphambili, isimo incwadi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni has a "Superbook", eyakhululwa ngo-Denver ngo-1976. Ivolumu isisindo 252 kg, ulunika "INCWADI ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni for izingane" futhi ngokuya ngesayizi.

Emincane kakhulu

incwadi encane kakhulu emhlabeni futhi ubhekwa umkhiqizo yakhelwe izingane. Kuyinto mayelana inganekwane "Old King Cole", eyanyatheliswa ngo-1985. Umxhwele usayizi umqulu wokuqala, okungadingi eqele ngalé milimitha yisikwele. Kusobala ukuthi ukufunda indaba ngaphandle nemishini ekhethekile akunakwenzeka. Sekukonke kukhona 85 amakhophi "Old King Cole".

osayizi Okufanayo zingezinye zezincwadi ezinyatheliswa afakwe ohlwini imiqulu encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-France, edition ngobunyoninco, English Dictionary, equkethe amazwi acishe abe yizinkulungwane 12.

iqoqo amazing

Yiqiniso, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo mayelana zamabhuku akuphelelanga lapho. Kuyinto imfihlo ukuthi abakwazi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukuqoqa. Amazing iqoqo ababebuthene by Italian Rio Kozelli. Lokhu umuntu efuna ukubuyisa zonke isidina kakhulu emhlabeni zomsebenzi kanye isivele baphumelele sobala kulo mkhakha. Ekhabo iqoqo liqukethe amakhophi angaphezu kuka eziyishumi. Legend uthi imbongi-isiphukuphuku esezama ukuzibulala lapho ethi zonke izidalwa zakhe zikhona Kozell iqoqo.

iqoqo lezincwadi eqoqwe ngezindlela ezahlukene, abanikazi ukuthenga kubo, bathole ifa noma isipho. Indlela yokuqala kakhulu wakhethwa Steven Blumberg, ngubani nje ukweba imisebenzi ezingavamile. Kwatholakala ukuthi umtapo eqoqwe isigebengu babegqoka amakhophi angaba yizinkulungwane 23. Baphucwa imitapo mayelana 268. Izindleko leli qoqo kwaba cishe u- $ 20 million. Ukuze ukungena kwenye umtapo Bloomberg wayeselulungele lutho. Wayenza uthole ngisho ku isakhiwo ngokusebenzisa kushaft ikheshi, futhi ukusebenzisa uhlelo ukupholisa.

namuhla

Yini singakhumbula amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izincwadi zanamuhla? Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi iningi izivakashi ezitolo ezidayisa - abantu kakade wangenela embundwini wamashumi amane ngosuku lwakho lokuzalwa. Futhi iningi le nqwaba senziwa wobulili fair.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo izincwadi zisikisela ukuthi audiobook kulezizinsuku ethandwa kakhulu. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi yasungulwa ngo umuntu owayefuna ukuzisebenzisa ukusekela abantu abayizimpumputhe futhi ongaboni kahle. Isidingo izincwadi electronic iye wabikezela kudala njengoba sixties kwekhulu elidlule, lelo lungelo kungokwalabo abalobi yesayensi.

Ososayensi bathi isithakazelo umfundi umkhiqizo othize iqala ukunqabela Lapho efika ekhasini nesishiyagalombili. Nokho, kukhona incwadi kusadingeka uchubeke ufundze uyofika ekugcineni. It has a isihloko okunothando: ". Le ncwadi, okungakwazi ukwazi" Brainchild of ukushicilela Argentina ngempela kakhulu ukufunda ngokushesha. Kungenjalo, phakathi kwezinyanga ezimbili uyinki uzonyamalala ke umfundi kuyodingeka zibabaza Amakhasi nalutho.

Yini enye okudingeka ukwazi

Yini ezithakazelisayo namanye amaqiniso mayelana amabhuku ungakwazi ukusho? Incwadi, esinomthwalo ezimangalisayo kunazo isihloko emhlabeni, wadedelwa ngo-1633 e-London. Isihloko ayihlanganisi kuphela imigqa 45, kodwa sakhiwe cishe ngokuphelele inhlamba. Sikhuluma umsebenzi ezibucayi yamabhayisikobho, ngakho-ke, unhlokweni iqukethe ikheli impi ye nabalingisi abaqondisi.