Alexander Selkirk: Biography emfushane

SaseRobinson Crusoe - umlingiswa oqanjiwe encwadini Danielya Defo, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1719 kuqala lo msebenzi abadumile Robinson umkhumbi futhi Uzithola esiqhingini, esisekhona wedwa ngaphambi kokuba uhlangane nalo ngoLwesihlanu, omunye engenabantu kulesi siqhingi umhlali.

Alexander Selkirk: Biography

Nokho, umlando Defoe, kusekelwe ngempela empilweni ka itilosi laseScotland. I-prototype ye eRobinson Crusoe, u-Alexander Selkirk (isithombe esibaziwe wakhe uvezwa kamuva) wazalelwa e-1676 e-umuzana wokudoba Lower Largo, e Fife, eScotland, eduze komlomo Firth ka Kona.

Wayelethwa ababeqashwe boatswain emkhunjini "Sankey has" izinhlamvu marque futhi elibangise zokubhukuda 1702-m. Abanikazi umkhumbi baye ngakwamukela eNkosini Admiral corsair patent, okukuvumela hhayi kuphela imikhumbi yezohwebo ukuze ingalo ngokwabo ngenhloso yokuzivikela ngokumelene imikhumbi yangaphandle yayingavunyelwe ukusebenzisa, kodwa futhi ajeziswe kuhlaselwa kubo, ikakhulukazi labo fly ifulegi lamazwe UK-isitha. Eqinisweni, privateering kwaba nsé ukudunwa - inkunzi enye indlela imali njengoba ukuhweba evamile zasolwandle wayeka ngesikhathi sempi.

Ukudalelwa "Sankey ke" sasihlangene exhumene nomunye marque manje eholwa uCaptain "St George" UWilliam Dampier.

Ilayisensi ngelokuphanga

Ngo-April 1703 Dampier kwesokunxele London ngasekhanda bomkhankaso, eyayihlanganisa imikhumbi emibili, owesibili kuyo yayibizwa ngokuthi "Udumo" futhi kwaba iphansi kwesandla sika-uCaptain Ukudonsa. Nokho ngisho nangaphambi kokuba imikhumbi bashiye phansi, izinduna waba ziwa, futhi "Udumo" samuka, kokushiya "St George" wedwa. Dampier sihamba Kinsale, e-Ireland, kanye kwahlangana nge "Sankey Porus" iphansi kwesandla sika-Pickering. Bobabili izitsha sinqume ukujoyina amabutho, futhi isivumelwano esisha esiphakathi izinduna ezimbili.

Dampier kwakuqashwa ngu Thomas wokugada, ngakho wathumela uhambo kuya oLwandle South (Pacific Ocean) ukuthola baphanga imikhumbi-Spanish ethutha ingcebo. izinduna ezimbili bavumelana ngomkhumbi ogwini Ningizimu Melika bawuthumba umkhumbi Spanish eBuenos Aires. Uma ukukhiqizwa kwaba amakhilogremu 60 000 noma ngaphezulu, lo mkhankaso kwadingeka abuyele ngokushesha eNgilandi. Endabeni ka nabangane ukwehluleka babehlele ngomkhumbi emhlabeni eCape Horn ukuhlasela imikhumbi-Spanish ithwele igolide ezimayini e Lima. Uma lokhu kungeke kwenzeke, kuvunyelwene ngokuthi aye enyakatho bese uyazama wasithatha "Acapulco", Manila umkhumbi, cishe njalo ethwele yengcebo.

uhambo ill-fated

uhambo Privateering kwesokunxele Ireland ngoMeyi 1703, futhi njengoba uhamba izinto zaqala ukuba uhambe kahle ngempela. Izinduna zezisebenzi baxabana eningi, bese Pickering ukugula futhi washona. Yena salandelwa Thomas Stradling. Impikiswano Nokho, akazange ayeke. Ukunganeliseki kwakubangelwa izinsolo crew, induna Dampier ngokwanele juqu ekwenzeni izahlulelo ukuphanga odlulayo, ngenxa yalokho, eziningi ukukhiqizwa lalahleka. It is nawo kusolakala ukuthi, emva mission kuqedile, yena lomngane wakhe Edward Morgan akazange ufuna ukwabelana ngiphange neqembu elisebenza.

Ngo-February 1704 ngesikhathi stop esiqhingini Juan Fernandez ithimba "Sankey uye" ehlubuka futhi wenqaba ukuya emuva ibhodi. Amatilosi wabuyela emkhunjini ngemva kokungenela likakaputeni Dampier. Okwenza isimo sibe sibi, oseyili igiya basala esiqhingini, ngemva iqembu beat ukuhoxa ngokuxhamazela kokubona umkhumbi French. Njengoba siqhubeka sihamba sibuka ngomkhumbi, yokuhlanza kanye nokulungiswa imikhumbi, ezidingekile ukuze uvimbele ukulimala izibungu umkhumbi nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada, futhi inkantolo wanika ngokushesha umongozima. Ngaleso sikhathi, isimo phakathi kwalamaqembu womabili Usufike iphuzu, bese bavumelana phezu ukufinyelela eGulf of Panama, ihlukaniswe booty uhambe.

Mutiny emkhunjini

Ngo-September 1704, "St George" ngomkhumbi futhi "Sankey uye 'ayebuyele eziphambekweni Juan Fernandez ngomzamo ukubuyisela noseyili bayo futhi izinsika, kodwa Kwavela ukuthi umkhumbi French ngakuthatha. Kulapha ukuthi boatswain Alexander Selkirk, ahlubuka ehlubukile, enqaba ukuhamba phambili. Waqaphela ukuthi isimo umkhumbi wona wawungemubi kangako, kanye nobuhlobo bakhe uCaptain Stradling esishubile ukuze ungathanda zama inhlanhla yabo futhi umhlaba Mas-a-Tierra, esinye seziqhingi engahlali muntu okwakukhona kuyo i-Juan Fernández. Wasala isibhamu, ummese, ngembazo, i-oats kanye nogwayi, kanye iBhayibheli, izincwadi zenkolo, futhi kumadivaysi amaningana navigation. Okwamanje zokugcina Alexander Selkirk buza fuza kuye ebhodini, kodwa wenqaba Stradling.

Ngenxa yalokho-ke sekuvela ukuthi nakuba ngokumelene nentando yakhe, ezisindisile ukuphila kwakho. Ngemva Ukuhamba Huana Fernandesa ukugeleza "isikhathi Sankey sika" seluqinile ngakho ukuthi iqembu waphoqeleka ukulahla umkhumbi futhi ukudluliselwa izihlenga. Wasinda amatilosi 18 kuphela ezakwazi ukufinyelela ogwini mpumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, lapho bebehlala khona: lithunjwa. AbaseSpain futhi bendawo base kabi, bese crew wafakwa ejele.

Alexander Selkirk: Isiqhingi eziphilayo

Ngasogwini Wafumanana emhumeni bangaphila, kodwa ezinyangeni zokuqala kwaba njalo bayazesaba lodwa nokuba yedwa kwakhe ngalobo akuvamile kwesokunxele ogwini, ukudla izimbaza. Alexander Selkirk - sibonelo of SaseRobinson Crusoe - usuku ehlezi ogwini, likhiphe ngesikhathi umkhathizwe abanethemba ukubona umkhumbi, okufanele ukuba kwakumangalisa wamsindisa. Kaningana waze wacabanga nokuzibulala.

imisindo Strange okuvela ekujuleni isiqhingi, ethuke kuye, futhi kwabonakala sengathi ukukhala zasendle begazi. Eqinisweni, banyathelisa izihlahla bawa umoya onamandla. Ngomqondo Selkirk weza kuphela uma lathunjwa lolwandle angamakhulukhulu sea izingonyama. Babebaningi kakhulu, futhi bengabafokazi likhulu futhi scary, ukuthi akazange alinge asondele ogwini, lapho kuphela umthombo konke ayeziphilisa ngakho.

Ngenhlanhla, esigodini wayegcwele aluhlaza izimila eduze, ikakhulukazi izihlahla iklabishi entendeni, okuyinto eyaba omunye imithombo yakhe eyinhloko ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waseScotland wathola ukuthi lesi siqhingi sasibizwa uhlalwe izimbuzi eziningi zasendle, cishe kwashiywa bemikhumbi. Ekuqaleni, wayehlanganyela babezizingela ephethe isibhamu, bese kuthi lapho ngiqeda le neziqhumane, wafunda ukubamba kwabo ngezandla zakho. Ekugcineni, u-Alex ambalwa ezifuywayo fed inyama yabo kanye nobisi.

Trouble yalesi siqhingi babe amagundane omkhulu esinonya esibulala waba yini nomkhuba iluma izandla zakhe nezinyawo zakhe, esalele. Ngenhlanhla, esiqhingini amakati zasendle wahlala. Selkirk walawula kancane, futhi ebusuku azungeza embhedeni wakhe, ukuvikela it kusuka namagundane.

ithemba ziyize

Alexander Selkirk ngiphuphe insindiso futhi nsuku zonke nibheke useyili, ovuthayo izibani, kodwa kwathatha iminyaka eminingana ngaphambi kokuba imikhumbi wavakashela Cumberland Bay. Nokho, ukuvakasha kuqala yayingekho ngempela njengoba abebelindele ngayo.

Ejabulisayo, Alex baphuthuma yasebhange ukuze ubonise imikhumbi emibili lehla ihange ngasogwini. Ungalindele, nangu ekubheka waqaphela ukuthi bangabafokazi Spanish! Njengoba-England nase-Spain yayisempini, waseScotland wayazi ukuthi wayelindelwe basekuthunjweni bagcinelwe okubi nakakhulu kunokufa, isiphetho yisigqila emayini kasawoti. Iqembu yokusesha lawela, nokubona "Robinson", waqala ukudubula at kuye aze babaleka ukuba bacashe. Ngo ukuphela, abaseSpain bayeka ukufuna futhi ngokushesha bahamba kulesi siqhingi. ekuthunjweni Wasinda, Alex wabuyela okuningi amakati bakhe obunobungane kanye nezimbuzi.

ujabule insindiso

"Robinson 'esiqhingini wahlala wedwa iminyaka emine nezinyanga ezine. Wayelethwa yasizwa omunye amakhephabheri ayaqhuma eholwa uCaptain Woods Rogers. Ngo lwamakholi umkhumbi wakhe, okuyinto wahola ngesikhathi lolu hambo abadumile, Rogers ezichazwe okwamanje wensindiso Selkirk ngo-February 1709.

"Safika esiqhingini Juan Fernandez 31 Januwari. Restock, sahlala khona kuze kube uFebhuwari 13. Esiqhingini, asitholanga muntu Aleksandra Selkirka, a ngoSelkirk ayesele khona uKaputeni Stradling, ephelezelwa uCaptain Dampier e uhambo lwakhe lokugcina, futhi owasinda iminyaka emine nezinyanga ezine, kungekho muntu ophilayo umphefumulo, nge ayekwazi ukuxhumana, hhayi satellite olulodwa, ngaphandle izimbuzi zasendle. "

Eqinisweni, waseScotland, naphezu ukuba yedwa wakhe iphoqelelwe, kwadingeka ukuba ngihambe ngicela ukuthi zangena emkhunjini njengoba ngafunda ukuthi phakathi ukophula kwakhe kwaba hambo ill-fated Commander "Sankey ke" futhi manje umshayeli emkhunjini Vudsa Rodzher Dampier. Ekugcineni, yena waba wathonyelwa ukuba baphume baphele esiqhingini, futhi wamiswa umsizi emkhunjini Rogers "Duke". Ngonyaka olandelayo, ngemva bamba emkhunjini Spanish Nuestra Senora de la Incarnacion Disenganio, ethutha igolide, itilosi Alexander Selkirk yadalwa ngezinsuku boatswains mkhumbi omusha eviyweni, uqambe "Bachelor".

ukubuya

Ukubhukuda Woods Rogers yaphela ngo-1711 ukufika iThames. I-prototype ye eRobinson Crusoe, u-Alexander Selkirk esephindele yaziwa kabanzi. Nokho, wamenywa ukuba anikeze ubufakazi eenkambisweni zekhotho ngokumelene uWilliam Dampier Elizabet Kresvell, indodakazi yomnikazi bomkhankaso kuqala, ngokuba ukulahlekelwa kuzona 1703.

Ngemva kwalokho, "Robinson" ku umkhumbi wabahwebi owawufike ngomkhumbi eBristol, lapho icala lokushaya. Mhlawumbe icala walethwa Abasekeli Dampier, kodwa nokho wayeboshiwe iminyaka engu-2.

Alexander Selkirk, itilosi futhi privateer Robinson, bafela olwandle e 1721.