Uxhumano kwetheknoloji kumanethiwekhi kagesi: nemibandela

Ixhuma labo noma eminye imikhiqizo grid wenziwa kohlaka izinkontileka uxhumano zobuchwepheshe. Baye bafika kusiphi isiphetho ulawulwa ezingeni komthetho wezwe. Yiziphi izihlinzeko zalezi imithombo umthetho? Yiziphi ezicashile uxhumano amandla igridi izindawo okungewakho ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho?

Inqubo kufaneleka: isiqondiso normative

Indlela kumele kwenziwe uxhumano zobuchwepheshe kumanethiwekhi kagesi, kubuswa isenzo zomthetho ahlukene - Uhulumeni Ukulungiswa № 861 Russia yokutholwa 27.12.2004 ngonyaka. Lokhu amandla ngokomthetho eyamiswa eziningi imithetho:

- non-olubandlululayo ukufinyelela abantu ezinsizeni yokudlulisela kagesi, ku Dispatch ukuphathwa, futhi unikeze imenenja ingqalasizinda ophathelene nezohwebo njengengxenye emakethe wholesale;

- uxhumano zobuchwepheshe Amadivayisi amandla eyamukelayo okuqondene amakhasimende kanye nezinye izikhungo.

On wonke, isiqalo nesigcino kulezi zimiso kudala imithetho igridi uxhumano. Cabangela izici le nqubo kabanzi.

Kwezinye izimo, eyenziwa uxhumano zobuchwepheshe?

uxhumano kwetheknoloji kumanethiwekhi kagesi kungaba kwenziwe uma:

- idivayisi kagesi amandla reception wasungula ngokokuqala;

- amandla elihambisana uhlobo esixhunywe ngaphambilini inyuka ingqalasizinda;

- kushintshiwe idatha nokwethenjelwa isigaba ukuthengisela, uxhumano iphuzu, imisebenzi yezomnotho abathengi kagesi, ukuze wenza izinguquko ohlelweni, benezincwadi yangaphandle lamadivayisi amandla reception.

Igridi uxhumano - inqubo okuyinto eyenziwa ngesisekelo inkontileka phakathi umhlinzeki - inkampani zenethiwekhi kanye nommangali isimo abantu ngokomzimba, SP noma inhlangano. uxhumano kwetheknoloji kumanethiwekhi kagesi abazenzi ngezigaba eziningana. Ake sihlole kubo.

Izigaba uxhumano igridi

Kwetheknoloji obusa uxhumano kugridi kuhilela ukusebenza kwalesi inqubo ngezinyathelo ezifana:

- ngokufaka isicelo ukubusa;

- ukusayina yesivumelwano nomphakeli;

- ukugcwaliseka izibopho ngaphansi inkontileka;

- avumele ukungena lezinto;

- uxhumano langempela kanye supply voltage;

- ukulungiswa isenzo of ukubusa nesikhathi imibhalo elihambisana nalesi sihloko.

Funda imininingwane izinyathelo okukhulunywe ngazo ngokuningiliziwe.

ngokujoyina zinyathelo: kuhanjiswa kwesicelo

Ngakho kuqala kukho konke ukuze lelisu uxhumano zobuchwepheshe eyodwa noma enye inhlangano engokomthetho ungafaka umhlinzeki isicelo - inkampani inethiwekhi, okuyinto usendaweni eliseduze endaweni isicelo. Uma kudingekile, imininingwane yokuxhumana umphakeli angase uHulumeni ahlinzeka ngayo ukusiza kamasipala.

Isicelo uxhumano zobuchwepheshe kumanethiwekhi kagesi kuthunyelwe ikhasimende mathupha noma ummeleli. Ungase futhi uthumele idokhumenti olufanele uhlamvu inkampani yenethiwekhi. Kwezinye izimo, abahlinzeki ayacelwa kuhlelembisa izinqubo isicelo ocingweni. Kodwa noma kunjalo kunconywa ukuxhumana inkampani igridi futhi ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi indlela ukuthumela idokhumenti esifanayo elilungile.

Ungena yesivumelwano

Uma isicelo uxhumano zobuchwepheshe kumanethiwekhi kagesi umphakeli iphathwa, izinhlangano ezifanele ikhasimende futhi ithumela inkontileka okusalungiswa, kanye ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe e esenezelwe kuso. Lungisa bese uthumela inkontileka ukuba inkampani inethiwekhi ikhasimende kufanele, ngokuvamile, ezinsukwini ezingama-30 kusukela ngosuku kokuthola isicelo.

Uma umlingani onganelisekile imigomo yesivumelwano, ufanelwe ukuthumela nomthengisi eyashukumisela kokwenqaba isivumelwano, kanye iziphakamiso ukulungiswa. Uma zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-60 kusukela ngosuku kokuthola okusalungiswa yesivumelwano ikhasimende kuqinisekisa isivumelwano sakhe ukuze ungene noma engathandi ukuba enze izinguquko kuso - isicelo ukubusa ngeke kukhanselwe. Kodwa ngokushesha nje lapho ikhophi esayiniwe ikhasimende sitholwa yinethiwekhi, inkontileka phakathi kwaso ikhasimende kuyothathwa waphetha.

Ukubulawa inkontileka

uxhumano kwetheknoloji kumanethiwekhi kagesi - ubuhlobo zomthetho, okuyinto eqala ukubonakala amalungelo kanye nezibopho ze-amaqembu. Uhlu ebekiwe inkontileka, okuyinto iyawakha futhi umphakeli kagesi kanye ikhasimende esinyathelweni odlule. Uma Kusayinwa isivumelwano, izinhlangothi kumele kuqaliswe ukusebenza izinyathelo wawanakekela. uhlu zabo kungenziwa okwethulwa ibanga sasivumela ububanzi - kodwa ikakhulu lezi nemisebenti lehlose elungiselela nengqalasizinda edingekayo ukuze uqalise izinto ukusebenza.

Imvume kubaphathi

uxhumano kwetheknoloji kumanethiwekhi kagesi ezingase zithathwe kuphela nangabe ukwamukelwa insiza ethile ukusebenza bazovunyelwa abagunyaziwe federal, okuyinto lucwaningo kokuqondisa zobuchwepheshe. Qaphela ukuthi Imithetho okunamathiselwe legislatively igunyazwe kungenzeka ezimweni lapho ukuthola imvume okuhambisanayo iyadingeka ukuze nezigaba ezithile izicelo anqunyiwe.

Langempela uxhumano nokuhlinzeka ngogesi

Emva isinqumo etholwe uxhumano zobuchwepheshe, ukuxhumana kungenzeka langempela izinto ikhasimende ukuze amandla grids. Njengengxenye yalolu inqubo kungaba kwenziwe imisebenzi ehlukahlukene lobuchwepheshe ezihlobene kulungiselelwa kwengqalasizinda yomfakisicelo kanye efingqa ugesi wakhe. Ngemva kusebenze kudingekile izilungiselelo zabo inethiwekhi ziyovivinywa futhi zizoxazululwa - ugesi enikeziwe.

Kwemigomo yomculo ukubusa

Isigaba sokugcina yiziphi izinqubo igridi uxhumano - ukusayinwa yomculo ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulungiswa kwale dokhumenti kungase kuhambisane kumiswa eziningi kweminye imithombo. Ikakhulukazi, ezifana isenzo ibhalansi ukurhunyezwa, unomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenza, ukubambisana noma zobuchwepheshe ukubhuka eziphuthumayo.

Cabanga kabanzi lokho imisebenzi ethize ezisetshenziswa nenqubo efana uxhumano amandla amanethiwekhi. inombolo isiqondiso zikahulumeni 861 Uphinde uhlu lwabo.

imicimbi ukubusa

izinyathelo ezifanele zifaka:

- ukulungiswa ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe;

- ukuthuthukiswa design imibhalo;

- Ukwenziwa ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe;

- luhlolo amadivayisi ngokuthola amandla;

- uxhumano langempela futhi kusebenze ingqalasizinda usuke.

I ngokucacile zalezi zinyathelo ngokuningiliziwe.

Imicimbi ngesikhathi uxhumano zobuchwepheshe: ukulungiswa ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe

Imithetho uxhumano amanethiwekhi kagesi zidinga ukuba sifeze kwenzeka inethiwekhi inhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani kumele avumelane ngokuthi izimo lobuchwepheshe kanye opharetha uhlelo - umuntu okhipha tekusebenta Dispatch imisebenzi kagesi amandla izinhlelo, kanye nezinhlangano ezisondelene nayo enikeza usizo ngogesi, ezimweni ebekiwe ngumthetho.

Kutfutfukiswa design imibhalo

Ukuthuthukiswa imibhalo ezifanele shall njengoba inkampani zenethiwekhi kanye uxhumano kwamakhasimende. Kulokhu, isihloko sokuqala ubudlelwane zomthetho kufanele ulandele izibopho, okuyinto ezibekwe ezibekiweko lobuchwepheshe. Ikhasimende eba dokhumenti, ikakhulukazi uma kwenziwa uxhumano amandla amanethiwekhi komhlaba. Kulokhu, kubalulekile ukubonisa imingcele zensimu. Qaphela ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa imibhalo project hhayi ikhasimende owenzé kwamanye ubudlelwano obusemthethweni.

Ukugcwaliseka izimo lobuchwepheshe

Lo mcimbi olandelayo owawuzoba ngaphansi grid izinqubo uxhumano - nokulandela Ukucaciswa sivunyiwe. Kulokhu, umsebenzi ayewabelwe, futhi, njengoba kule nkampani zenethiwekhi kanye ikhasimende yayo. Eyokuqala inhlangano ubudlelwano, ngokukhethekile, unesibopho yokuxhuma kumadivayisi ukuthola amandla kagesi ukuze ingqalasizinda, esinikela nokucupha ngokuzenzekelayo impendulo eziphuthumayo.

umcimbi kubhekwe nakho kuhilela kwenethiwekhi ngokwenza ukuqinisekiswa Ukucaciswa ikhasimende. Imiphumela yalesi inqubo imithetho zobuchwepheshe uxhumano amanethiwekhi kagesi kudinga ukulungisa ezenzweni ehlukile. Lokhu isheke is hhayi lwenziwa uma:

- amandla esiphezulu amandla kagesi ethola kumadivayisi okungewakho izicelo ingeqi 150 kW ngaphansi uxhumano zesikhashana;

- umfakisicelo ungumuntu wemvelo, futhi imishini yakhe sinesikhundla esingeqile 15 kW.

kudivayisi Survey

Lo mcimbi, esikhundleni salokho, kufanele ukuqhuba kummeleli abagunyaziwe federal, okuyinto unomthwalo kokuqondisa wombuso mkhakha ugesi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo kungenzeka futhi iqhaza Igridi Inkampani futhi umnikazi idivayisi ukuthola ugesi. Kwezinye izimo, lo mcimbi ixhunywe omele kubhekwe kwenhlangano, enifeza imisebenzi nokusebenza-beluthumela.

wadla langempela

Lo mcimbi empeleni umele omunye izinyathelo esixoxe ngazo ngenhla, okuyinto ukusetha imithetho uxhumano zobuchwepheshe kumanethiwekhi kagesi. Ngakho, kucatshangwa uxhumano ikhasimende izindawo kuya samandla, ngemva - ukusebenza ingqalasizinda usuke. Ngokufanayo, njengoba nje kwenzeka efanele usuphothuliwe, esisayinwe izenzo: ukunamathela, ukurhunyezwa ibhalansi umthwalo wokusebenza, afanayo zempi.

I isici esibaluleke kunazo ubudlelwano, ngaphakathi kwalo la i-grid uxhumano izindawo kuya samandla - izinkokhelo abahlinzeki ugesi. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi.

Ukukhokhwa abahlinzeki ugesi

Imali uxhumano ukuze amandla amanethiwekhi - IDGC noma omunye umhlinzeki, - lwenteke ngokuhambisana nenhlangano evunyiwe elihambisana yamanani amazinga per unit amandla, kanye amafomula ebhodini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhasimende kungadingeka akhokhe izindleko, okuyinto ngokuya komthetho akufakiwe imali ngokujoyina. Izinhlu zalezi zindleko ngokuvamile awashintsheki ezenzweni ahlukene zomthetho ezamukelwe ngu iziphathimandla ezifundeni Russian.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi amakhasimende ezinkampani amasevisi enethiwekhi kukhona ezimweni eziningi izinhlangano kwesabelomali. Kulokhu, badinga kubonise kahle kule-balance sheet, benane ngazo uxhumano zobuchwepheshe kumanethiwekhi kagesi. Kosgei - amanndla zombuso ekuphathweni wemboni imisebenzi, sinquma izikhungo kwesabelomali ukuba abhale la izindleko njengengxenye esigatshaneni 226.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama athile elinesimo uxhumano kunethiwekhi kwezindlu zangasese. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

uxhumano electrical emizini yabazalwane

Imithetho uxhumano amanethiwekhi kagesi emizi yabantu ngokuvamile, ngokusekelwe imithetho efanayo umthetho elawula inqubo efanele, okuyinto abahlanganyeli izinhlangano ezingokomthetho. I-algorithm ukuxazulula inkinga yokuxhuma samandla ngumuntu oyedwa ekhaya kudingeka siyisebenzise izenzo ezilandelayo:

- isikhalo kunethiwekhi yenkampani - esiseduzane kuya Isiqinti esibiza,

- ukusuthisa ku inhlangano isicelo olufanele, kudivayisi wepulani ngoba amandla reception,

- amakhophi amadokhumende nihlola ubunikazi endlini yangasese futhi endaweni,

- ukulungiselela nasekubulaleni Ukucaciswa - ngokuzimela ngaphakathi isayithi, ngosizo inethiwekhi - kuba,

- inhlangano lokuhlolwa imishini inethiwekhi izinkampani kanye uxhumano yayo uqobo.

Ngokuvamile, isinyathelo yomnikazi ekhaya, ngokusobala, ezifana nalezo agcwele izinselele amasevisi ikontraga inkampani inethiwekhi, okuyinto sibuyekeze ngokomongo yezenzo uxhumano zobuchwepheshe ngenhla. Ngalo mqondo, sivumele isishaya-mthetho Tindlelanchubo ukulawulwa kwale nqubo zinezikhathi ukufana.

Nokho, kungenzeka ukuthi ngomthetho othile uxhumano kagesi kumanethiwekhi kagesi, zavela ngendlela ethile kule nomthetho, empeleni kungenzeka ukuphathwa ngezindlela ezingefani ngokomongo sokuxazulula izinkinga, echaza uxhumano insiza ezinkampani yangasese. Ngakho-ke, injongo igridi izinqubo uxhumano nekuhambisana izidingo umnikazi umthetho endlini, kuyinto efiselekayo sifune iseluleko ochwepheshe abanekhono.

Izindleko namasevisi uxhumano amandla igridi kwezindlu ngokuvamile kusekelwe izibalo, esekelwe - tariff 15 kW umthwalo axhunyiwe. Futhi ibanga ebalulekile eseduze yokuhlala isakhiwo into the ingqalasizinda. Uma idlula nemingcele emiswe ngokomthetho, uxhumano zobuchwepheshe kumanethiwekhi kagesi abazenzi ngesisekelo tariff kunqunywa oda iziphathimandla lesifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, Imali ekhokhelwa isevisi kanye Energy Commission.

Izinsuku uxhumano efulethini izindlu grid ngeke sidlule izinyanga 6, uma umthengisi ingqalasizinda amandla akhiwe kude amamitha angu-300 kuya into komhiaba ikhasimende emzini, noma ngaphakathi kwamamitha 500 - emaphandleni. Lokhu isikhathi sandisiwe enyakeni 1 uma ibanga idlula ukubaluleka esithile.

Lapho beqeda uxhumano indlu kuya samandla ngemvume, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni ka-elala ukubamba iqhaza izinhlangano ezingokomthetho, izenzo - of igridi uxhumano, ukurhunyezwa we-balance sheet kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo zokusebenza ikhasimende futhi umphakeli.