Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-World Bank, isakhiwo, indima emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba

Phakathi edume kakhulu futhi ezinkulu izikhungo zezimali zomhlaba - World Bank. Imisebenzi yaleli seziko obonwa ochwepheshe njengebalulekile kakhulu kusukela umbono ukuthuthukiswa olinganiselayo umnotho wezwe. Phakathi nemisebenzi ukhiye we-World Bank - ukusiza amazwe asathuthuka ekuthuthukiseni model of emnothweni kazwelonke. Ngomuso, ukuze kulungiswe ngempumelelo lokhu nezinye izinkinga e isakhiwo se-World Bank wadala izikhungo eziningana. Kuyini ngokucacile zabo? luyasetshenziswa kanjani umsebenzi WB?

ulwazi olujwayelekile mayelana World Bank

Hlobo luni lesikhungo - World Bank? Igama eligcwele isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi - kokuphonswe yibo ziphawuleka? I World Bank (World Bank, i-World Bank) - kuyinto isikhungo zezimali zomhlaba, elihlanganisa eziningi izikhungo ezahlukene.

Ngokusho idatha yomphakathi, okubonisa imisebenzi we-World Bank, umsebenzi oyinhloko ibhange - ukhulisa izinga ukuthuthukiswa komnotho we uthi sibanike lisizwa emazweni acebile. Inhlangano yasungulwa ngo-1945. indlunkulu yenkampani itholakala e-Washington.

WB isakhiwo

Cabanga imininingwane izikhungo ukuthi zakha isakhiwo World Bank. Ngo kokuhlaziya isikhungo sezezimali kuhlanganisa:

• IBRD (International Bank noma neKwakha kaBusha nekuTfutfukisa);
• Ida (Association, ikhanda lwezindaba ekuthuthukisweni);
• IFC (International Finance Corporation, noma);
• MIGA (Agency, okuyinto iqondiswa - iziqinisekiso utshalomali);
• ICSID (isikhungo lapho esebenzelana nama-ukuxazulula ingxabano phakathi kohlaka amaphrojekthi utshalomali).

Lezi zinhlangano zenzelwe ukunikeza States abadinga ukubolekisa ngamanani ezingabizi, futhi kwezinye izimo - non-inzalo. Unakho futhi ukwesekwa lamazwe ngosizo izibonelelo. ukuhlinzeka izimo ezifanele lokunakekelwa WB - ukuxegiswa kwezomnotho azimele, izinguquko ezidingekayo emkhakheni imfundo, ezempilo, ingqalasizinda ngcono.

Manje ake sixoxe ngokuthi imisebenzi esemqoka we-World Bank.

WB umsebenzi

Abacwaningi ukuhlonza ububanzi elilandelayo:

• utshalomali (ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka, ezindaweni zezempilo nezemfundo);
• kokukhuluma ukusekela ohulumeni kazwelonke ezomnotho, umsebenzi kohlaziyo;
• ukuthuthukisa izinga lokulethwa kwezidingo kwezinkonzo ezingokwezimali;
• umsebenzi umlamuli (e zokwabiwa kwezinsiza kusebenza okukhona phakathi kwamazwe asethuthukile namazwe kwezomnotho emuva).

Ngakho, ukuze kubuyekezwe uhlaka zezimali linendima ebalulekile ngoba umnotho womhlaba wonke. Make imisebenzi World Bank ibalulekile kusukela umbono ukuthuthukiswa olinganiselayo kwezomnotho kwamazwe anamuhla. Cabanga manje, ngalokho izindlela le WB is ukusebenzisa nabo umkhuba. Ungakwazi sinake lolu daba esimeningcondvo imisebenzi yezikhungo okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla, esakhiwa World Bank. Asiqale nge IBRD.

Ngokucacile of IBRD

I World Bank noma International Bank for neKwakha kaBusha nekuTfutfukisa - isikhungo lapho, ngaphandle-World Bank, futhi engaphansi kwe-UN. imisebenzi eminingi Umhlaba Bank ziyasetshenziswa ngesisekelo inhlangano. Empeleni, i-World Bank - iyinhloko isakhiwo World Bank. Kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhungo yasungulwa ngaphambi, empeleni, iBhange Lomhlaba, ngo-1944. International Bank for neKwakha kaBusha nekuTfutfukisa yasungulwa ngemuva Bretton Woods Conference. Inhloso yokusungulwa walo wawubheke zishukumisa ukufukulwa komnotho emazweni wahlupheka ngesikhathi sempi.

Esikhathini 50s World Bank baqala ukudlalela abanye imisebenzi we-World Bank, waphawula yithi ngenhla - ikakhulukazi, ukunikeza izimali ezibolekiwe nasemazweni asathuthuka. Esikhathini 90 sika inhlobo efanele yenhlangano waqala ukuhlinzeka ayeyiboleke nemave lekaphambili, isimiso sezomnotho. Ngokucacile of IBRD loans - esikhathini eside. Ukubolekwa kwemali isikhungo inikeza okwesikhathi inkathi eyiminyaka engaba ngu 15-20. amafa lwezezimali eBhange akhiwa ubulungu izimali, futhi leyo mali kuxhomeke izabelo ngokuqinisekile oyilungu.

Ngokucacile imisebenzi ida

Esinye isakhiwo ezibalulekile unesibopho imisebenzi i-World Bank - ida futhi International Development Association. Yasungulwa ngonyaka ka-1960. Inhloso yokusungulwa walo wawubheke ukunikeza ukubolekisa ezithambile nge izinkokhelo eside - eminyakeni 40-50 - uthi libhekene nenkinga yezinga eliphansi intuthuko yomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1961, le nhlangano iye yanquma ukukhipha loans okuhambisanayo India, Chile, Honduras ne-Sudan. Ida akagcini ngokunikeza ukubolekisa ukuze usize bohulumende bemave nge asezingeni eliphansi kwezentuthuko yezomnotho, kodwa futhi okukhuthaza nokukhishwa izimpahla ezivela emazweni asethuthukile kwabangcwele asathuthuka. Libuye yisibopho ida - ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezehlukene emphakathini. Ncika credit kusukela ida kukhona States okuyinto abakwazi ukusevisa ukubolekisa ku IBRD imigomo. Kusukela yaqala ukuba khona, inhlangano ikhiphe nemalimboleko angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-90 US dollars.

Lisho ukuthini IFC?

IFC noma International Finance Corporation - ngezinye izinhlaka ezibalulekile, okuhlanganisa i-World Bank Group. Umsebenzi wayo kukhawulwe ukunikela ukubolekisa ukuze sikhuthaze umkhakha emazweni ezingeni eliphansi intuthuko yomnotho. Injongo eyinhloko enhlanganweni - ekunyusweni utshalomali kumaphrojekthi emazweni asathuthuka, nokwenza ngcono izimpilo zabantu abaphila kuzo. Ukubolekwa kwemali kusukela IFC esikhishwe amabhizinisi angasese, okuyinto ezibonisa izinombolo okuhle ngokuya nenzuzo. Credit isikhathi - ngaphakathi kweminyaka engu-15. Kuyoze kube phakade womsebenzi walo inhlangano ikhiphe ayeyiboleke angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 US dollars.

Izici imisebenzi MIGA

Kuyini ikakhulukazi esiphawulekayo for World Bank - isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi wenhlangano yokuhlukanisa sasivumela olinganiselayo phakathi izinhlangano ahlukile. Phakathi nezikhungo ezinomthwalo isinqumo yenqwaba imisebenzi emkhakheni utshalomali - MIGA. Nalokho akwenzayo? MIGA, noma International Investment Isiqinisekiso Agency, kubhekanwa umshwalense we ukutshalwa kwezimali abafanele ezingozini ezahlukene okungezona zokuhweba kanye nomsebenzi Consultancy kwezokuxhumana nohulumeni. MIGA okuthuthukisa ukukhangwa capital amazwe asathuthuka ekwenteni ncono kusebenta kwato kwezomnotho.

Izingozi ukuthi ochwepheshe inhlangano ahlaziye, cabangisisa imininingwane translation lwemali, kwezincwadi yangasese, sikhundla kwezepolitiki. MIGA ikhuthaza ukuzinza notshwala zezimali amazwe asathuthuka, kanye nokuqwashisa zimali 'mayelana yemali amathemba utshalomali iminotho abafanele. Phakathi amathuluzi main MIGA - isiqinisekiso. Inhlangano kusukela buqala ubaniké nibaluleke ukudlula bhiliyoni 17 aseMelika. Ngosizo izikhungo emazweni asathuthuka sathathwa ukutshalwa nibaluleke ukudlula eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-50 US dollars.

Imininingwane yalolu ICSID

Ukutadisha imininingwane agcwele Isakhiwo nemisebenzi iBhange Lomhlaba, qiniseka ukuphenya izici imisebenzi ye ICSID, noma International Centre for Settlement of Investment Izingxabano. Le nhlangano ikhuthaza ukuvikelwa, ukubamba iqhaza izithakazelo ezahlukene abalingani amaphrojekthi utshalomali ngaphakathi izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezitholakalayo. ICSID waziphatha Lwezinhlelo ze-non nomnotho nokuqedwa izithiyo kunokwenzeka ahambisana ukuxhumana phakathi kukahulumeni namabhizinisi enqubeni esingenakuqhathaniswa sokubambisana kwamazwe omhlaba. isikhungo kubhekwe nokobana imisebenzi yayo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko - yokubuyisana kanye ukulamula umbango ekuqhutshweni. amasevisi ICSID - esikhokhelwayo, iqhaza kuzo - yokuzithandela.

Izici WB ukubolekisa

Sifundela loans ethize zinikezwa ngenjongo yokuxazulula izinkinga main ngaphansi kwekhono izikhungo ezifana World Bank - asathuthuka nge iminotho okusalele emuva. Inhlangano inikeza loans izinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, kungenxa credits utshalomali. Basuke enikeziwe ngenjongo yokusekela imikhakha kwezezimboni ukuwohloka komnotho wamazwe asathuthuka, kanye nezinye izingxenye indlela yokuphila nesimiso sezomnotho ibalulekile kusukela umbono zokuxazulula izinkinga zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho. Okwesibili, le ukubolekisa njongo, sibhekiswe ekhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa zezombusazwe. ukulungiselela yabo idinga States ukuqhuba izinguquko ezidingekayo.

kokubonisana ukweseka

Kwezinye izimo, iBhange Lomhlaba ongenza imisebenzi ukuthi empeleni encishisiwe sokulamula phakathi nezinye izinhlangano zezimali noma zimali kanye nohulumeni amazwe edinga ukusekelwa ngokwezimali. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola kudingekile ukubolekisa isimo kwezinye izimo kungase kube ngenxa isidingo athobele iminotho yabo, nezimiso zezombusazwe ngemibandela ethile ukuthi ababolekisi ufuna ukubona. I World Bank kungahlanganiswa, ngakho Wasiza Ohulumeni wokuthatha amagadango enqophe kuhambisana izinhlelo zezomnotho nezombusazwe kazwelonke zokuhlola kunesidingo.

Isu le-World Bank Group

Izikhombisi eyinhloko yomsebenzi we-World Bank, kokubili ensimini inqubomgomo credit, kanye emkhakheni amasevisi Consultancy, kutlolwe umbhalo oseceleni - Isu WBG. Lo mthombo siqhutshwa njengoba ukhiye ngesikhathi nokubambisana i-World Bank anabo, oHulumeni States, azizwa isidingo usizo lwezimali. Isu ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyinto ngohlaka. imisebenzi Specific we-World Bank endaweni wamsekela States ngabanye saveza, esekelwe esimweni ezithile umnotho walo futhi isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona.

Imithombo uxhaso

Ngakho siye safunda ezinye izici ayisihluthulelo isikhungo like World Bank. Kulungiswa nemisebenzi yenhlangano, sisuke eyaziwa. manje sizofunda ngalesi sici imisebenzi we-World Bank njengoba ukhulisa izimali semisebenzi ngezimali. Yikuphi imithombo usebenza kule nhlangano international?

Kunezindlela ezahlukene ukuheha WB kwezimali ekuthuthukisweni kanye nasekuqalisweni kokusebenza wemisebenzi eyinhloko. Ngokwesibonelo, i-IBRD ukubolekisa amazwe asathuthuka, imithombo yezimali ezifanele ephakanyiswe ngokusebenzisa yokuthengisa izibopho ngesilinganiso okusezingeni eliphezulu. Enye incwadi, nanku ahileleke imisebenzi we-World Bank - dolobha, okuyinto langena ilungu amazwe kwenhlangano. Le imithombo ibuye isebenze ukuze afeze izibopho ezihlobene isevisi imali eyayiyikweleta Lomhlaba. Ngesikhathi nokulahla World Bank futhi abe reserve dolobha e inani angaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-193 aseMelika. Kuleli umkhuba isisetshenziswa, inhlangano lingazange lisetshenziswe, kodwa-ke unelungelo ezinjalo.

I World Bank kanye nezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe

Ngakho safunda timphawu letitinkhomba agcwele we-World Bank. Igama eliphelele futhi umsebenzi lesikhungo, sisuke eyaziwa. Kungashiwo yini ukuthi iBhange Lomhlaba - isikhungo esiyingqayizivele efana nayo? Ngokwengxenye lokhu kuyiqiniso. Kodwa zikhona namanje eziningi izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, ogama imisebenzi kunezimpawu esiqondile ukufana ne imisebenzi i-World Bank sika. Cabangela ezinye izibonelo.

Ikakhulukazi, i ukusondela ezithile we-World Bank abe umsebenzi futhi OPEC. Iqiniso lokuthi iphesenti abalulekile angamalungu e-Organization of Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe ayakhula. OPEC imisebenzi ungaboniswa, ikakhulukazi, ukuba ukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wabo ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ukuthekelisa-olusungulelwe inhlobo efanele of izinto zokusetshenziswa ezimakethe zomhlaba.

World Bank kanye IMF

Umsebenzi futhi indima emnothweni wamazwe omhlaba, iBhange Lomhlaba ngokwanele eduze nalezo IMF (International Monetary Fund). Lezi zinhlangano banobunye futhi iqiniso lokuthi bobabili - amiselwe ukuze ubuyisele iminotho emhlabeni ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II. Vala izimiso ngokwanele lokumiswa isakhiwo senhlangano ye-neBhange Lomhlaba kanye IMF. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubaluleka kwengosi kuba umnikelo koMbuso kuleli dolobha Imininingwane lesikhungo inquma sezingeni nethonya layo imisebenzi sikhungo. Inkulumo efanayo nemisebenzi kulezi zinhlangano kungabonakala yokuthi zigxile ekuxazululeni izinkinga ukuze sikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa komnotho lamazwe edinga ukusekelwa zangaphandle zezimali - isibonelo, ngenxa ibhalansi ukukhokhelwa kusilela.