Umhlukumezi ... Amalungelo wesisulu. Isigaba 42 seKhowudi yokuNqubo yamaPhoyisa

Isisulu ngumuntu owaba yisisulu sobugebengu, ngenxa yalokho okubangelwa khona ukulimala komzimba, ngokomzimba, ngokomzimba. Ziyabonakala futhi ngenhlangano uma kwenzeka umonakalo ekudumeni kwayo kanye nasezindinganisweni ezibonakalayo ngezenzo ezingekho emthethweni zenye inhlangano. Ake sicabangele ngamalungelo ayisisekelo esisulu.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ngokuphathelene neqiniso lokuthi ukungabi nabulungiswa kugxile ezingeni lezomthetho, yiyona kuphela inkantolo engakwazi ukubona isenzo sobugebengu nokuthi iveza ukulimala esihlokweni esithile. Ngenxa yalokhu, leli cala liyahlolwa ngokufaneleka futhi lifakazelwa yiphutha lomhlaseli. Kusukela kulokhu kulandela ukuthi iqiniso lokubangela ukulimala kwesinye isihloko ngaphambi kokuba isinqumo esifanele sisebenze kubhekwa njengokucabanga. Mayelana nalokhu, isisulu sekhodi yezobugebengu siyithathwa njengenkampani enkambisweni, enamakhono kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo ethile esemthethweni. Ziyadingeka ukuze iqhaza ngokuphumelelayo kulolu cwaningo. Kodwa-ke, isisulu enkantolo sibhekwa njengaleyo kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwezintshisekelo zakhe ngesikhathi senkambiso.

Ukulimala ngokomzimba

Yiziphi izizathu zokuthi isakhamuzi senze njengesisulu? I-Russian Federation ithathwa njengombuso wenkululeko yentando yeningi. Ngakho-ke, leli zwe linemithetho eqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwezithakazelo zezakhamizi, kuhlanganise nalabo abaye baba yizisulu zobugebengu. Ukuze kuhlonishwe le ndaba, izisulu zidinga ulwazi mayelana nokulimaza, ukuziphatha noma ukulimala kumuntu noma ukulimala kwamanani wezinto ezibonakalayo noma idumela lebhizinisi lenhlangano. Ngokuhambisana no-Art. 1058 CC, uma kwenzeka ukulimala noma omunye umonakalo empilweni yesinxephezelo, imali engenayo (imali engenayo) elahlekelwe yisakhamuzi ayengayithola noma ayinayo ingaphansi kokukhokha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko ezengeziwe ezenzelwe isisulu zibuyiselwa. Lokhu, ikakhulukazi, kuyindleko yokudla, ukwelashwa, ukuthengwa kwemikhiqizo yezokwelapha, ukunakekelwa kwesikhashana, ukukhwabanisa, ukutholakala kwemishini ekhethekile yezobuchwepheshe, ukubuyisela emuva, uma kunqunywa ukuthi isakhamuzi siyayidinga futhi ayikwazi ukuthola mahhala.

Ukulimala komhlaba

Isisulu yisakhamuzi noma inhlangano eye yabhekana nokulimala kwempahla. Umonakalo onjalo uhlobene nomkhakha wendawo yokuphila nomsebenzi. Kubangelwa ukulahlwa kwezinto ezithile ezibonakalayo, imali, izimpahla nokunye, umonakalo, ukunciphisa, ukubhujiswa. Umonakalo wendawo uhlanganisa nezindleko ezenziwa yisakhamuzi noma inhlangano ukubuyisela izintshisekelo zabo, kuhlanganise nemali engatholakalanga ngokuphathelene nekhomishini yokuxoshwa.

Ukulimala kokuziphatha

Kuhlanganisa ukuhlupheka okungokwenyama noma ukuziphatha okubangelwa umuntu ngenxa yobugebengu obungazungeze izinzuzo zakhe ezingabonakali ezivela kuye kusukela ekuzalweni. Ngokuyinhloko, zihlanganisa impilo, impilo, isithunzi, udumo, idumela. Ukulimala kokuziphatha kungase kwenzeke lapho kuhlaselwa impahla kanye namalungelo akhethekile. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, isisulu akuyona isakhamuzi kuphela, kodwa futhi nenhlangano. Uma uphula umthetho, ukulimala kwebhizinisi lakho kungabangela. Kuboniswa ekunciphiseni igunya lenkampani yezomnotho njengenhlanganyelo ebuhlotsheni bebhizinisi, ukwehlukaniswa. Kumele uqaphele ukuthi umbuso wokuvikela idumela lesakhamuzi lenza ngokufana nemigomo ehlinzekwe izinhlangano.

I-Nuance

Iqiniso elisemthethweni elisebenza njengesisekelo, lapho umuntu ohlukumezekile efika khona ebuhlotsheni obuphathelene nenqubo yobugebengu, akumele amenze umonakalo njengalokhu, kepha kufanele enze isinqumo esichaza isimo esifanele nesakhamuzi noma inhlangano. Ikhishwa yisinqumo somshushisi, umphenyi / umphenyi. Isinqumo esifanayo senziwa nenkantolo. Umqalisi angaba yisisulu yena kanye nezihloko ezikhulunywa ngazo.

Iziqinisekiso zomthetho

Ku-Art. I-52 yoMthethosisekelo inqunywa ukuthi amalungelo omhlukumezi avikelwe ngumthetho. Umbuso uhlinzeka izisulu ngokufinyelela emgomweni, uphenyo olunzulu emzimbeni ogunyaziwe. Isisulu ngumuntu ovikela izithakazelo zakhe ohlelweni. Kulokhu kuxhumana, akubonakali nje njengomthombo wobufakazi. Okokuqala, umbuso ufuna ukubuyisela nokuvikela izithakazelo zesisulu ngale ndlela.

Izici

Umthetho ubeka ububanzi bezifundo ezibandakanyeka ezinkambisweni zobugebengu, isimo sabo somthetho. Izinqubo zichaza amathuba omthetho kubo. Bobabili abahlukumezekile, ubufakazi, umsolwa, namanye amaqembu. Ngokuqondene neqembu elimele, amandla akhe angokomthetho achazwa ngobuciko. 42 okuyingxenye ezimbili. Ngokwejwayelekile, isisulu sinelungelo:

1. Yazi mayelana nokukhokhiswa okwethulwe kumsolwa, unikeze ubufakazi, unikele ubufakazi.
2. Bamba iqhaza emisebenzini yophenyo eyenziwa ngesicelo sakhe noma isikhalazo sommeleli. Ukusebenzisa leli lungelo, imvume yomsebenzi ogunyaziwe iyadingeka.
3. Ukwenza inselele nokucela.
4. Yazi izinto zokwenza izinto futhi ubeke imibono kubo. Zihlanganisa izinqubo zokuphenya ezenziwa ngokuhlanganyela kwakhe, izinqumo ngokuqokwa kwezivivinyo neziphetho zabo (uma inqubo yenziwa ngokuqondene nesisulu noma isicelo esithunyelwe kuye).
5. Lapho usuqedile uphenyo lokuqala, wazi kahle izinto zokwenza izinto, yenza amakhophi bese ubhala idatha kunoma iyiphi imali.
6. Bamba iqhaza ekuqhubekeni kokuqala, kwesibili, isibonelo sokuphatha.
7. Thola amakhophi ezinqumo ngokumqaphela njengesisulu, ukuqala icala noma ukwenqaba ukwenza kanjalo, ukuyeka ukukhiqizwa, isigwebo, izinqumo.
8. Ukukhuluma engxoxweni.
9. Ukuze ujwayele ulwazi lwamaminithi omhlangano, ukuze wenze imibono kuyo.
10. Ukuze inselele ukungenzi lutho / izenzo zenkantolo, umbuzo, umshushisi, umphenyi.
11. Yazi mayelana nezikhalazo, izethulo ezilethwe kulolu cala, faka izikhalazo kubo.

Izinyathelo zokuphepha

Ukubamba iqhaza kwalowo ohlukunyezwe kungabandakanya usongo lokulimaza yena noma izihlobo zakhe, okuzokwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqhubeka. Ngokuvamile, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izisulu eziningi zenqaba ukufakaza, zigwema ukubukeka kwengxoxo nomphenyi. Mayelana nalokhu, umthetho uhlinzekela isethi yezinyathelo ezihlose ukuvikela impilo, impilo yezihloko nezihlobo zazo. Phakathi kwabo:

1. Ukulondolozwa kolwazi lomuntu siqu mayelana nesisulu.
2. Ukurekhoda nokuqapha izingxoxo.
3. Ukukhipha ukuhlonza ngaphandle kokubheka ukubonakala komuntu osolwa ngumuntu osolwa.
4. Ukubamba ukuzwa okuvaliwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe zihlinzekwa yi-Federal Law No. 119. Ngokuhambisana nalesi senzo esivamile, ikakhulukazi, okulandelayo kunganikezwa:

1. Ukuvikelwa kwekhaya, impahla kanye nesisulu ngokwakhe.
2. Ukukhishwa kwemishini yokuzivikela, amadivaysi okuxhumana kanye nemiyalezo yokuxwayisa.
3. Ukuvuselela kwenye indawo yokuhlala.
4. Ukushintsha kwamadokhumenti.
5. Ukushintsha kokubukeka.
6. Ukushintsha indawo yokufunda / umsebenzi / isevisi.

Ukuphenywa

Isisulu yisakhamuzi esingenawo kuphela ithuba, kodwa futhi sinomsebenzi wokubamba iqhaza kulezinqubo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi yena, phakathi kwezinye izinto, usebenza njengomthombo wobufakazi. Ngakho-ke, akanalo ilungelo lokungazinaki izingcingo zomphenyi futhi angafakazi ubufakazi. Uma kungenjalo, isisulu sizobekwa ngaphansi kwedrayivu. Ukuphenywa kwezisulu kwenziwa ngokwemithetho ehlinzekwa ofakazi. Izihloko azikwazi ukuhlinzeka ngolwazi oluyimfihlo noma zenqaba ukudalula ulwazi oluziwa kubo. Ngokwephulwa kwalesi siqondiso, umthwalo ngaphansi kwe-Art. 307 no-308 we-Code Criminal. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwenqubo, le ndaba ichazwa ngemisebenzi yakhe kanye nemisebenzi esemthethweni. Ngokuyinhloko, isisulu sinelungelo lokufakaza ngokumelene naye nezihlobo zakhe. Umbuthano wezokugcina unqunywe yiSigaba 5 (isigaba 4) seKhowudi yeNqubo Yezobugebengu. Uma isakhamuzi sivuma ukunikeza ulwazi, kufanele ixwayiswe ukuthi ulwazi lungasetshenziswa kamuva njengobufakazi, ngisho noma enqaba.

Isikhathi Esibalulekile

Isisulu singumhlanganyeli enkambeni ngubani okwazi ukuthola izinto eziningi zezinqubo. Kulokhu, unesibopho sokugcina imfihlo yolwazi eyaziwa ngalo. Uma kwenzeka ukudalulwa kolwazi, izihloko ezingu-310 ziba nesibopho. Isidingo sokugcina imfihlo yedatha kufanele sivinjelwe umphenyi, umshushisi noma umphenyi.

Indima yesisulu kule nqubo

Isisulu singenye yezihloko eziyinhloko zenkambiso. Ukubaluleka kwalo ohlelweni kunqunywa ukubamba iqhaza ebufakazini. Ukuqinisa indima yalowo ohlukunyezwe emacaleni okuzimele-emphakathini nasesidlangalaleni nakho kuboniswa amandla okuthonya isinqumo ngesimo senqubo. Lokhu kugcizelelwe yimfuneko yomthetho ukuthola imvume yesisulu ngokucubungula icala ngendlela ekhethekile.

Isimo Esicacile

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isimo somthetho sesisulu ngezindlela eziningi kufana nofakazi. Leli lungiselelo liqinisekiswa yizinamba eziningi ze-CCP okwamanje esebenzayo. Isibonelo, ku-Art. 246 (ingxenye 7) ihlinzekela ukwenqaba komshushisi ekukhokhweni kokulalelwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akucacisiwe ukuthi kuyadingeka yini ukuthi isisulu siqinisekise umbono wakhe ngalokhu. Umthetho awunikezi ithuba lokubamba iqhaza kwinqubo yokwenza icala, ukuveza ukuphikisa ekunciphiseni kwawo. Ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, amandla alahlekile ahlobene nomphumela wezomthetho wecala kufanele anikezwe isisulu kuzo zonke izigaba, hhayi nje kuphela ekuhlolweni okuqondile.

Inkinga yenxephezelo ngokulimala

Kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqhubeni. Lezi zimiso zakha amathuba okufaka isinxephezelo ngokulimala okubangelwa ukuxoshwa, kanye nezindleko ezihambisana nokuhlanganyela ekuphenyweni nasezinkambisweni zokwahlulela, kufaka phakathi izindleko zommeleli. Ukuxhaswa komonakalo kuleli cala kufanele kuqondwe njengesizo sezimali esithombeni esithintekayo yi-state, uma kungenakwenzeka ukuyithola kumuntu ohlukumezayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwenziwa imali ekhethekile. Noma kunjalo, kufanele kubonakale ukuthi okwamanje le ndlela ayisebenzi. Emthethweni okhona, ilungiselelo linikezwe umonakalo obangelwa ubugebengu kumnikazi wendawo, kubuyiselwa imali ngenxa yezimali zikahulumeni kanye nokuvuselelwa okulandelayo kwabenzi bokubi. I-FZ ka-24.06.1994 imise ukusebenza kwayo. Ku-Code Civil ekhona lesi sivamile asikho. Kodwa-ke, i-Criminal Procedure Code inikeza ithuba lokuveza isimangalo somphakathi ekuqhutshweni kobugebengu kumuntu ohlukunyeziwe. Lungiswa ngu-Article 44.