Umculi Isaak Ilich Levitan: Biography, lokusungula

Umculi Isaak Ilich Levitan wazalwa edolobheni Kybartai (Lithuania) ngo-Agasti 1860. Mayelana esengumntwana, wacishe angitshelanga muntu, + ngakho ulwazi mayelana nale nkathi yokuba inzalo ukuphila nakwesobunxele sakhe. It is ukuthi uyise wayengumGreki abasebenzi ezimbalwa kakhulu ngandlela-thile futhi ngilwa kanzima ukuba banikeze izingane imfundo enhle eyaziwa. Isaka Levitan, ogama biography iqala ukufika e Moscow, basilingisa yomfowabo umdwebi sika, ngubani wamthatha wamyisa nemibukiso endaweni evulekile, phezu imidwebo. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-nantathu uIsake wamukelwe art esikoleni.

othisha enkulu

Njengoba othisha lucky kakhulu umfana, kodwa ngokuvamile, nayo yonke iminyaka ukuqeqeshwa amenza sizi. Yena ngaleso sikhathi kwaba uyintandane, akekho ubengenakwenza lutho ukumsiza, zonke izinkinga kule esemncane, kwakudingekile ukuba azinqumele kona. Okunjalo brilliant landscape umdwebi Isaka Levitan biography kwakunzima. Ikhono ngokushesha ukuthola kumangaza, kusukela 'othisha zazizinhle kakhulu: Vasily Polenov futhi Alexey Savrasov - ngokuzihlolisela abatshelwa amagama zonke lezi abaculi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthisha, isibonelo, Savrasov waba ngesikhathi esihle kakhulu, abaqeqeshiwe lonke elicembu abafundi esihle: Nesterov, kokubili Korovin, Svetoslavsky Stepanov ...

Levitan, ogama biography kuchazwa kulesi sihloko, wazizwa ukuthi wayenike konke kulula, futhi njalo wesaba ukudlala, zazisebenza kanzima isikhathi eside, ekufuneni isitayela sakhe. Nge iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ubudala kokuba yingxenye imibukiso imidwebo yakhe futhi ngokushesha baqala ukukhuluma. ngokushesha Isaka Ilich Levitan baba into ababetelekile ngo isiko Russian. Njengoba umdwebi Levitan kwaba into eziyibonayo kakhulu, kodwa wafundiswa imvelo ngaphandle sokuhlaziya it is kwezokwelapha, wakhuluma sengathi ukuzethemba kwakhe. Futhi akekho proznal kusukela izimfihlo zakhe eziningi kangaka, njengoba Levitan.

biography

Umdwebi akakuthandanga ukuya kude izilwane zasendle bomdabu, wahlala ikakhulu eMoscow, wasebenza ezifundazweni Tver naseMoscow, ezimbili eCrimea futhi okuningi - ". Association of the Wanderers" phezu iVolga, njengoba ilungu Njalo wahlala buthule, ngingenaso isikhathi zokunethezeka, ngoba umsebenzi wabo ukuthatha kwakhe ngaso sonke isikhathi, zonke amandla zonke uthando. Nazi wonke umsebenzi ukuphefumula nokuphila ukuthi wadala Levitan - Umlando womuntu ophilako kakhulu ngempela.

Umbono umuzwa

Wanqoba esiteji netimiso landscape romantic, ngezinye izikhathi lokusinda abangane Wanderers. Indoda kokuvamile nozwelo konke ukuvela bemvelo zonke zako, umculi I. I. Levitan nokudweba yakhe - ngamunye! - ukuthi wonke providchestvo isikhathi, "Ukufunda" isipiliyoni. Abaculi kuyinto iphimbo ephelele.

On the namathafa Levitan kwaba "iso ngokuphelele" noma "umuzwa ngokuphelele." Kuyefana nasendleleni watercolors, okuyinto lidlulisela ngokunembile isimo ncamashi olusankondlo, owawungumnyaka okushiwo izenzakalo bokubeka nemvelo. Ngo watercolors Levitan, ogama namathafa zihlale okunokwethenjelwa kakhulu, ukugwema imininingwane, kodwa ngokuphepha futhi ngokunembile lidluliselwe kwemizwa ukuthi he swebeza isithombe nemvelo.

nefilosofi

"Ukuguquguquka namathafa" Levitan ezingajwayelekile ukugcwaliswa ezingokwengqondo, batjala ingxenye enkulu ukuthi umphefumulo womuntu. Wayekwazi abheke imvelo sengathi bagxila zonke izimfihlakalo khona (sefilosofi umculi eziyizintandokazi Schopenhauer kwaba, ngasendleleni, echaza ngokunembile kakhulu ukuthi ikhono lakhe). Umdwebo Levitan sika bamukela ezinye intuthuko impressionism, kodwa umculi nokho akazange sisukele nobumsulwa injabulo ukukhanya nombala, ngoba ahlale isikhathi eside ngokwengeziwe umbuthano izithombe Russian lwasendulo, futhi zihlale futhi ngempela esingokwemvelo wasibekela imiphefumulo yethu 'ukulangazelela izwe. "

Ngisho ekuseni isebenza kuphela lyrical. Umculi I. I. Levitan futhi ngokudweba "Autumn suku. Sokolniki" kunjengokungathi asivulele isikhathi sakhe sokuqala lokusungula. Ngezinye ukuvuthwa, le Levitan, abe inkosi landscape, funda ngisho ingoma elula yaphenduka isithombe ejwayelekile yezwe. Levitan lokusungula ovuthiwe kuvula "Birch Grove". Phakathi nayo yonke iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe ngezikhathi ilanga kwafika kude nge imidwebo yakhe, kanye namathafa zadalwa, egcwele umbono ebuhlungu nokudabuka nokuba nesizungu. Umdwebi wahlupheka kakhulu, imicabango ngoba wayebona ukuthi usezokufa akazange amshiye. Noma kunjalo, ukuphathwa Italy, akazange angene. "Kuyinto kuphela Russian futhi bangasebenza landscape yangempela," - Wachaza.

Golden benzisa

imisebenzi ngokusankondlo spiritualized ebhaliwe Levitan ngenkathi kuhanjwa ngebhayisikili iVolga nge Wanderers nabo. "Volzhsky isikhathi" Levitan umthelela zokudala ifaniswe "Boldino ekwindla" Pushkin. Sviyazhsk Antiquities, Old Engakholwa kweqa phezu komfula, ubuhle ezimangelengele ubunjalo enyakatho, remoteness kukho konke aluhlaza, ofayo, ayidingeki - ukuthi kutholakale lapho umculi I. I. Levitan. Futhi isithombe sakhe wazalwa - wangempela, esingokomfanekiso - "Eternal Rest".

Imidwebo ye-emathuneni ishiywe ewusizo ukuqala umsebenzi oqanjiwe, ngakho landscape ungokoqobo kaningi kwenzeka, kodwa wanika umculi i ukujula okungavamile nobukhosi, futhi umhlaba wenziwa munye esibhakabhakeni, enikeza trans-iVolga amnika sona, selingene shí kusihlwa onsomi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu landscape Levitan, wabhala ezihlukahlukene - esihle, efudumele, elikhanyayo, egcwele asinazo izithombe: ". Kusihlwa Igolide Reach" "Kusihlwa phezu iVolga", "Ngemva Rain", "umoya fresh", kodwa ejwayelekile ngempela, owaziwa, le kukhona liyabonakala bonke baba namanje, yena - "ukuphumula kwaphakade".

imininingwane

Kulesi sithombe, kukhona konke: ukuthula, kanye Ukuduma komsindo osindayo insimbi enkulu, futhi kwaphakanyiswa ukuthula emathuneni, futhi ukunyakaza engapheli zokuphila. Gray, amandla abandayo lomfula kuboniswa sengathi kusuka ukuphakama indiza inyoni, futhi iphiko ucambalele phezu kwamanzi lenhlonhlo ewumngcingo ku okuyinto aqhwakele esontweni encane ubudala, futhi naye - emathuneni. Umoya ngokungaphezi kanye singaphikelela edwengula eziqongweni aspen, ngisho iziphambano esitshekile, kubonakala ngaphansi kwengcindezi yayo.

Kodwa leli thempeli iwindi sikhanya elikhanyayo ngokukhazimulayo kusukela kule ngisho grey amanzi amnyama mauve umkhathizwe efana elula. Lona ukuphumula phakade ekhona emhlabeni, obadalwa nguMdali: lokhu umoya, kubonakala, ushayela hhayi amafu, hhayi okunyakazisa-aspen, futhi isikhathi ngokwaso libhubhisa phezu le landscape ngokushesha futhi irrevocably. Akukho nesisodwa isibonakaliso sokuba khona omuntu kulolu landscape lapho. Kunesikhala kuphela lapho umphefumulo akanamahloni noma nobuncane imininingwane noma nobukhulu emhlabeni. Ngakho isithombe Levitan ukuphula ukuvumelana jikelele.

mayelana isitayela

Wona kanye umqondo welithi isitayela - isigaba transpersonal. Ukuqala umsebenzi kulo mdwebo, umculi kwakubonakala ukungena kulo mdlalo ezihlongozwayo, ukwamukela imigomo yayo. Yiqiniso, uyena onelungelo lokusho ukuthi avukele mibandela, ekuphikiseni nabo ngendlela yakhe yokuloba. Kwenzeka into ethi ayifane ne Levitan. Ezinkondlweni zakhe zokuqala - "The Village," "Road ehlathini," "Autumn Day at Sokolniki", "Mill Water", "Hamba ka Ostankino", "Garden eqhweni", "Landscape ka uDali." Futhi abanye - ububonisa ngokucacile isitayela Art Nouveau nakuba "transpersonal", hhayi ngqo.

esikoleni BaseMoscow izimiso imidwebo, yebo, wabusa. Nokho, ifilimu ezibalwe ngenhla "Ukuphumula Ongunaphakade ', indawo ephakeme we zefilosofi ukuzindla Levitan, isitayela yesimanje eyenza uqobo impela kakhulu. Nakuba ukhethe noma iyiphi isitayela nalowo emsebenzini wakhe engenakwenzeka. Imidwebo Levitan - yokusesha engapheli. Lapha futhi Echoes of romanticism, futhi okwangempela (namathafa kakhulu!), Futhi kufanekisa, futhi impressionism futhi Art Nouveau futhi Expressionism, kodwa bathi babhala kuphela uxhumano densest yesitayela. Levitan kwakungenxa wasithatha umkhiqizo isisusa esimweni sayo sendalo, kanye ukusiveza, wayazi ezahlukene futhi ngajabulela by zonke njengoba kudingekile.

Ukwakheka kanye uhlobo

Compositionally umsebenzi Levitan ixazululwe by onobuhle classical, lapho kukhona ukulingana, a grafizm uhlobo. Ukwakheka uhlukaniswe onxantathu okunemibandela. Ngokwesibonelo: ilungelo ongaphambili - ogwini, khona-ke - kwesokunxele, ubheke emfuleni, bese - futhi ibhange kwesokudla lelivakalako, imihlanga olinganiselayo kwesokunxele njengoba asho emkhathizwe emfuleni. Konke lokhu ukwakhiwa usuphothuliwe ngo izikebhe ezimbili, ogama ifomu kubonakala ukuqhubeka benakekela umugqa umkhathizwe. Ngenxa yalokho, ezingxenyeni ezimbili ezihlanganiswe ukwakhiwa wesimethri esiqinile, kodwa kunalokho silinganise.

Ivolumu isikhala bese uxhumana komculo ngokucacile kakhulu izakhiwo, kodwa futhi yokudweba Dolno into efana lokhu kwenzeka - e isilinganiso ngemuva kanye isihloko. U-Isaka Levitan wabhala isithombe ekwindla! Ubufakazi yesiteleka kakhulu lokhu. Izihlahla ebheka enamandla kakhulu, amanzi - okusobala hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ezimanzi, izikebhe kulo, ngisho encane, ukude ukubonwa ngaphakathi emgodini, lula futhi phezulu phezu kwamanzi.

Umbala nokukhanya

Izintandokazi umbala umculi - oluhlaza futhi wakwazi ukuwuchitha ibe shades kweshumi ngopende owodwa Emerald-oluhlaza. Ngisho ithunzi wayengakaze ilotshiwe black. izingqimba ezondile ocwebezelayo - efana esasifuna Levitan fabulous ubambe ongezansi lokudalwa kwabo. Ubudlelwano wombala umculi ukukhanya azizwa brilliant: isibonelo, ukukhanya abandayo blue zenyanga luphakanyiswa ngisho kancane oluhlaza iba okwesibhakabhaka, futhi amanzi siwukuzindla indiza ukukhanya. Ngo Levitan umbala asiyeki lukhulu, tintfo ekuhambeni, mnyama kancane kakhulu.