Ukuqhuma kwezindlu e Moscow (1999)

Omunye izikhathi ebanga usizi kunazo zonke emlandweni wanamuhla isiRashiya ukuqhuma kwezindlu e Moscow 1999. Amakhulu izimpilo zabahlali abavamile Russia amangalelwe lesi senzo enyantisayo amaphekula, kodwa eziningi izinkinga ezihlobene ne-nhlekelele, namanje engaphenduliwe. It ubeka phambili lenqwaba izinguqulo okwenzekile, kusukela namaqiniso ngokuphelele kumnandi ngokuphelele. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi kubangelwa kwamabhomu eMoscow ngo-1999, futhi ubani okufanele asolwe salolu sizi.

izenzakalo ezidlule

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini eyabangela abantu ngalezi zenzakalo ezinyantisayo ezenzeka, kumelwe sibuyele emuva 1999. Ukudubula e izakhiwo zokuhlala eMoscow atehlukaniseki nge umlando naleso sikhathi.

Kulo nyaka kwaphawulwa eziningi senguquko ukuthuthukiswa WaseRussia. Kulapho IRussia uNdunankulu omusha, ngubani esikhathini esizayo abe ngumengameli - uVladimir Putin. Kwathi ngo-August. V. Putin ekuqaleni wazibonakalisa umuntu engcono ukwazi ukwenza, athini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emibuthanweni ovulekile waphathwa izinsolo, njengoba wangaphambili iphoyisa le-KGB. Ukuqhuma eMoscow (1999) kanye Putin, onesandla ukukhanya izintatheli izobe okukhulunywa ngayo ngokuphindaphindiwe emiBhalweni imidiya, ukuhlobana umcimbi esidlule, futhi uVladimir Vladimirovich isikhathi ngasinye zizohluka. Nokho, cindezela kuba cindezela, ukuba umangale. Kodwa thina digress buthule.

Esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile kakhulu ngo-1999 kwaba resumption impi yezikhali eNorth Caucasus, ubani ngemuva kokungena ngemvume 1996 kwezivumelwano Khasavyurt kwaba esigabeni eqandisiwe. Kepha kwathi ngenyanga efanayo Agasti futhi, uNdunankulu ezinsukwini ezimbili ngaphambi Putin engamiswa, iqembu enamandla Chechen fighters eholwa Shamil Basayev futhi Khattab yahlasela Dagestan. amabutho Russian bebelokhu ukumelana ngempumelelo futhi idluliselwe nezimpi ngqo ensimini ka Chechnya. Ngakho wethulwa yesibili Chechen impi. Lo mcimbi, ngokuvumelana version olusemthethweni, sokucasuka ukuqhuma kwezindlu eMoscow. 1999 kwaphawulwa omunye umcimbi, okungukuthi Ukuhamba Boris Yeltsin likaMengameli ngenxa yezizathu zempilo kanye ukudluliselwa uVladimir Putin kusiphathimandla esifanele. Kodwa kwathi ekupheleni konyaka, okungukuthi, ngemva ikhomishana izenzo zobuphekula.

Ngakho, nge umlando phezu, siya ngqo incazelo kanjani ukwembuleka kwezenzakalo ezibuhlungu zangalolo Septhemba 1999.

Eyokuqala Ukuhlasela kwamaphekula

Ukuqhuma kwezindlu e Moscow 1999 wayengekho Esigamekweni sokuqala kwamaphekula uchungechunge izinto ezifuze lezi ukuthi bathintitha Russia ngo-September 1999. Le nhlekelele sokuqala senzeke edolobheni elincane Dagestani ka Buynaksk.

Ngo-September 4, cishe esinezitezi ezinhlanu lapho umndeni owahlala khona wezempi Russian, ke yasha yibhomu imoto. Ngenxa yalokho ngokuhlasela kwamaphekula wabulala abantu abangu-64, lapho cishe ingxenye yesithathu izingane, nabantu 146 wathola ukulimala of kobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Endlini zokungena ezimbili kwabhujiswa.

Kodwa lesi senzo zobuphekula, kwacaca ukuthi, kwandulelwe kuphela edabukisa nakakhulu izenzakalo ezenzeka esikhathini nyanga eMoscow.

Ukuqhuma ku Guryanov Street

Aphathimenti ngamabhomu eMoscow ngo-1999 wavula kuhlaselwa Guryanov Street, okwenzeka ngemuva kwezinsuku ezine izenzakalo Buynaksk, okungukuthi, ebusuku, mhlaka-8 Septhemba.

Lesi sikhathi, ayisishiyagalolunye-hit. Ukuze ngemizuzwana emibili ngaphambi kwamabili ukuqhuma kwakuzwakala therein okuyinto umthamo kwaba kg 350 TNT. Kwenzeka ngenxa detonation lokubanjwa neziqhumane, watshala Esitezi. Amabili emnyango wendlu eyabhujiswa ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kakhulu ezilimele isakhiwo emafulethini eduze. Kamuva ladilizwa ngokuphelele kumasevisi ukulungisa, njengoba ukumela ingozi izakhamuzi ukuba abantu emgwaqweni. At the site kokubili izindlu zingakakhiwa bakamuva entsha izakhiwo ephezulu liphumele.

Ngenxa ukuqhuma kulokhu, abantu 106 babulawa futhi abanye abangamakhulu 690 balimala.

Explosion Kashirskoye

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, efulethini ngamabhomu omusha eMoscow (1999) senzeka 13 Septhemba. Guryanov wayengeyena yedwa emgwaqweni yenhloko-dolobha, useke wabhekana ukuhlasela okuzayo kwamaphekula. A explosion entsha kwenzeka esikhathini esinezitezi ezingu-phezu Kashirskoye.

Ngalesi sikhathi, hhayi zokungena ngabanye baye bahlupheka, nayo yonke indlu yakhe yacekeleka phansi cishe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isakhiwo senziwa ngezitini. Kwashona abantu abangu-124, abanye abayisikhombisa balimala.

Inani labantu base-dolobha ezweni lonke ziye enyakaza ngamabhomu sokuhlala eMoscow (1999). Kashirskoye waphawula isibalo esiphezulu izisulu imicimbi efanayo eRussia, nakuba amandla alufakwa kunabayeni ukuthi okuyinto lenziwe endlini ku Guryanov Street futhi wayeneminyaka engaba ngu-300 kg TNT. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izisulu imbangela eyinhloko ngaphezulu ngesikhathi icala umthamo ephansi babe izici lobuchwepheshe izakhiwo esakhiweni.

Enye kuhlasela okwenzeka ngo-September 16, kwelinye idolobha Russian - Volgodonsk. Wasethatha kanye laye empilweni zabantu nesishiyagalombili. Nakuba le nhlekelele yenzeke hhayi e Moscow, kuba phambili iketango yokuqhuma ukuthi bathintitha Russia ngo-September 1999. Lesi sigameko e Volgodonsk uvala uchungechunge amaphekula izenzo kwesikhathi okukhulunywa ngalo.

imiphumela

Zonke Russia nezwe wazamazamisa ngamabhomu sokuhlala eMoscow (1999). Isimo sasibucayi le ebanga usizi kunazo zonke. Ngenxa kokuhlasela kwamaphekula e-dolobha (angafaki kwamanye amadolobha), kwashona abantu abangu-230, esinye 697 balimala obuhlukahlukene lamadigri zaba namandla kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba cishe bawubhubhisa phansi omunye esinezitezi ezingu-, futhi ayisishiyagalolunye-kwacekelwa phansi zokungena ezimbili. Enye sakhiwo wayengumJuda umonakalo omkhulu izakhiwo. Njengoba ubona, nemiphumela kunalokho nezikulu elilimaza kwaholela ngamabhomu e Moscow (1999). Amakheli zezakhiwo lapho laba bantu bayahlupheka ngenxa kwamaphekula, lokhu okulandelayo:

• Str. Guryanov, 19;
• Str. Guryanov, 17;
• Kashirskoye sh. 6.

Ukusabela iziphathimandla ngokushesha. Ngokushesha ngemva ukuqhuma kwenzeka okokuqala izindlu eMoscow (1999), wethulwa uphenyo esisemthethweni isigameko ejensi wokukatelela ngomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, omunye imiphumela kwamaphekula kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha ukusebenza izenzo Russian abomthetho eNorth Caucasus, okuhloswe ngokumelene Chechen futhi Abashokobezi Dagestani kanye amaphekula.

Izimbangela ukuqhuma

Ukuqhuma kwezindlu eMoscow ngo-1999 ne ekuqaleni cindezela kanye nabamele iziphathimandla kwasekuqaleni exhumene ne kuvuselelwe zinqobe eNorth Caucasus. Kamuva uphenyo olusemthethweni waqinisekisa ukuthi inguqulo.

Ngisho amaphekula ezingenziwanga ikakhulukazi kufihlwe. Ngaphandle, isibonelo, ukhonza ukuqinisekisa isitatimende esenziwe 14 Septhemba umholi ukunyakaza Islamist "Ansar al-Sharia," washo futhi yakwamukela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, futhi bababopha nge impindiselo ngenxa eCaucasus ukuhlaselwa Russian e Chechnya naseDagestan. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, le Umkhuzi olukhulu Shamil Basayev, eqashelwayo amaphekula bamazwe ngamazwe lamemezela ukuthi akanacala kulezi zenzakalo wezimpi ezalandela. Futhi lapha kungenye umholi ziyingozi Khattab ngaphambi nje kokuba isitatimende lenziwa ezolwa asigcini nje ngokulalela okushiwoyo Russian abomthetho, kodwa futhi nabo bonke abantu.

uphenyo

Ngokusemthethweni, icala lobugebengu liye, okuyinto yayihloselwe ukuphenya ukuqhuma izindlu eMoscow (1999) lavulwa ngo-September 9, okungukuthi, kuze kube sosukwini olungemva inhlekelele Guryanov Street. Kakade enyangeni efanayo, setha kwenkululeko abasolwa, abaningi babo abase ngokushesha babeboshelweni.

Phakathi ukuphenywa kokuphulwa semali ubufakazi incriminating abasolwa etholakele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphenyo lwembula eziningi izenzo zobugebengu ngu abomthetho, uvala amehlo akhe ngenjongo yokuthola isifumbathiso e ngokugcinwa imicikilisho, okuyinto kuzosiza ukuvimbela le nhlekelele. Kodwa-ke, ngoba babengazi imigomo oyinhloko amaphekula, kodwa, nokho, banikezwe isiqondiso jikelele nemisebenzi yabo lobugebengu, bagwetshwa.

uphenyo okutholakele

Ngakho, nathi ukuya main. Ubani uzibophezele sokuhlasela ngebhomu eMoscow ngo-1999? Ngokusho uphenyo, kwaba ngokucacile isenzo lohleliwe, okuyinto has amakhasimende executors oqondile.

Uphenyo luveze ukuthi i-international nhlangano amaphekula "Islamic Institute" eCaucasus "," eliholwa Khattab futhi Abu Umar kuyinto isakhiwo, okuyinto wathuma ngezimali ngamabhomu of emafulethini e Moscow (1999). Isenzo amaphekula izimisele ngqo amalungu eqembu ziyingozi "Karachai jamaat".

Kuthinta indlela idatha ziye ngokucacile buhambe ukuhlaselwa. ezingaphezu kuka inyanga eyodwa ukuze alungiselele kubo. Ukuze ukulungiselela ukuba amehlo, ngisho inkampani dummy "LLC" Brand-2 "", okuyinto yaqashiswa izakhiwo iye ebhaliswe izindlu, lapho kuhlelwe ukukhiqiza ukuqhuma. Iqiniso lokuthi ngemva Isenzo sokuqala kwamaphekula e Moscow abomthetho kuhlulekile ukuvimbela wesibili, ngisho nokuthi uyamazi ngengozi kungenzeka, waphinda iyinkomba yokuthi indlela ezibucayi abagqugquzeli kanye nabadlali lo msebenzi. Ngangicabanga ukuthi zonke kuze kube trifles, oxhumana iqiniswe abantu abaye baphoqwa ungahlosile babe nesandla yobugebengu, ngisho ukwazi ukuthi izenzo zabo kungabangela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, injongo eyinhloko operation amaphekula wagcinwa imfihlo zigadiwe, okuyinto ngempela into engavamile ezinjalo izinhlangano ziyingozi ngokuthi "Karachai jamaat".

isijeziso

Iningi labo uhlelekile futhi kwenziwe ngamabhomu e Moscow (1999), i-FSB namanye ama-ejensi wokukatelela ngomthetho ephethwe ukusungula. Isikhathi esiningi bavelaphi North bezizwe (Karachays, Dagestanians et al.), Futhi Arab. Ezinye zazo babevalelwa by Russian abomthetho nabanye - kukhona Kuboshwe phesheya bese abuyiselwe eRussia, abanye - Kushone phakathi indlela ekhethekile yokusebenza amasevisi ekhethekile, owesine - Sekushone nezinye izimo. It lakwazi ukugwema isijeziso amayunithi kuphela, kodwa sicashe futhi njalo ngenxa yokwesaba ukuthi nizowafica ingalo yomthetho.

Abantu ababandakanyeka e ngamabhomu baseMoscow Dekkushev A., uH Abha, Krymshamkhalov Yu, D. Saitakov, R. Ahmyarov A. Gochijaev. Bonke ngothi lwabo, ngaphandle elokugcina, okwamanje noma abafa noma egweba ka udilikajele. Achimez Gochijaev, owayehlangene kweso inhlangano ukuhlaselwa, okwamanje uhlu ngamazwe abafunwa. Ngokusho kwemibiko ezingaqinisekisiwe, yena okwamanje ukufihla e-Turkey, nakuba ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana kwakhe akuvelanga ngisho 2002. Ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi Achimez Gochiyayev azisaphili.

Kara zibanjwe futhi labo ezibhekwa amakhasimende ngqo ka izenzo zobuphekula. Ngakho, umholi amaphekula Khattab ukuthi iqedwe kumasevisi Russian ezokuphepha ngo-2002, futhi isikhonzi sakhe Abu Umar - ngo-2001. Bobabili base bekhulile Arabhu zobuzwe wathatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo enhlanganweni yokulwa Chechen AmaSeparatist, Russian Federation. Khattab futhi Abu Umar kwakhe abangu obonwa Russia enkantolo icala iyala kokuhlasela esenzeka eMoscow ngo-1999.

Ngokuvamile, le Nkantolo okwatholakala uphenyo futhi lonke ukuzibandakanya kwabantu kanye nezinhlangano ukuba izenzo zobuphekula ukuthi bathintitha inhlokodolobha nakwamanye amadolobha we Russian Federation ekupheleni kule nkulungwane yeminyaka. Okwamanje eqinisweni kokuhlasela ngo-1999 egweba udilikajele Yusuf Krymshamhalov Adamu Dekkushev.

Phakathi kwalabo alibale ayisebenzanga, kodwa bahlulekile ukuqeda amasevisi Russian wokuvikela noma amanye ama-ejensi wokukatelela ngomthetho kufanele ngokuthi Ravil Ahmyarova, Denis Saytakova, Hakim Abaev. Georgian amaphoyisa wabulawa Timur Batchaev, owayenguyise main asolwa esimweni ukuqhuma Volgodonsk. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo Georgian umthetho enforcers wakwazi sikulibazise futhi kamuva Yusuf Krymshamkhalov abuyiselwe eRussia ukukhonza udilikajele yakhe.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kwakuyisiko udumo izigebengu jezisa abaphehla ukuqhuma eMoscow (1999) I-uhulumeni waseRussia futhi Putin VV nezinye izikhulu ngazo zonke izindlela nomthelela kwecala ngisho kwavusa umsebenzi uphenyo ukuhlonza kanye ukubopha lesimbi. Uhulumeni uyaqonda ukuthi uma awukwazi ajezise amaphekula, abantu nje ayeke ekukholweni kuwo, uzizwa ukuzilwela ekulweni nosongo bayeqisa. Kuyinto inhlangano esicacile nesasifike ngesikhathi yezenzo okuphenya kanye ukwamukelwa of izinyathelo ubacasule ukuthunjwa izigebengu nendima enkulu e yokuthi abantu Russian aqala ukuba nobudlelwano nabo uhulumeni kwabo indlela elikwaziyo ukuthotshelwa komthetho kulo lonke izwe ukusebenza ngempela.

Imemori ye-kwamaphekula

Imemori ye ukuhlasela kwamaphekula okwenzeka ngo eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha amaningana Russian ngo-1999, namanje ekujabulisayo abantu. Yiqiniso, bambalwa kakhulu abantu bafuna ukuphinda lezi zenzakalo olunegazi, ngaphezu, abantu abaningi besaba ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka futhi esikhathini esizayo, ngakho kufanele ungakhohlwa esidlule. ezingenacala kokuhlasela, owathatha impilo ngalokhu kuqhuma, sifanelwe zikhunjulwe ngazo eRussia.

Kakade 2000 esizeni kwamaphekula ku Guryanov Street eyakhelwe uphawu yesikhumbuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhumbula labo abashona ngonyaka ofanayo waqala ukwakhiwa yesonto yesonto. Ukwakha kwaphothulwa ngo-2004. It uxhaswe ngeminikelo esusela izakhamuzi ezivamile nezinhlangano kwezohwebo.

Sasingavunyelwe ukhohlwe kanye nabongazimbi ukuqhuma ku Kashira Highway. Memorial Park, anikezelwe inkumbulo yabo, sabekwa eduze site kuqhuma.

Meaning of ukuqhuma eMoscow

Ukusabela amakhulu kakhulu umphakathi waba izakhiwo kuqhuma eMoscow (1999). Izithombe kusuka yesehlakalo nhlekelele landizela iziteshi phezu zonke ithelevishini ehola nasemaphephandabeni. Njengoba abamangalelwa e icala lobugebengu liye laba labammele North abantu Caucasian (ikakhulukazi Karachai futhi Dagestani), njengoba kulindeleke, yentukuthelo izakhamuzi Russian zazithe njo kubo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlasela engaqondile noma ngokunganaki ngidlulisa nomthelela yokuthi iningi lezakhamuzi Russian babe esivuna ubutha asebenzayo eCaucasus ngokumelene amasosha futhi amaphekula, kanye nenqubo-mgomo kahulumeni. Iziphathimandla zaseRussia Uthole ukusekelwa komphakathi weentjhabatjhaba, kuhlanganise nase-United States. Uma kuze kube yilesi sikhathi, uthi abaningi beqonda impi Chechnya njengoba emzabalazweni wenkululeko Chechen abantu, ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula e eMoscow nakwamanye amadolobha Russia North-Caucasus Amavukelambuso kuzihlanganisa lobuphekula bomhlaba wonke.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuqhuma angabangela backlash futhi, isibonelo, ukukholisa abantu ukwehluleka iziphathimandla ukuze awuvikele ontamolukhuni ukuthi uyoqhubeka zingenze isimo. Uma abahleli ukuqhuma, kanye wembula yalokho, baba abaholi North amasosha zaseCaucasia, nje-ke kubalwa, kanye ukusabisa labantu.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa kwaba ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula Russia usethathe i isigaba asebenzayo yokulwa nobuphekula Abashisekeli eNorth Caucasus. Futhi izenzo Russian abomthetho bebelokhu kuqhathaniswa yimpumelelo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba ngo-2009 ukuze simemezele kokuphothula ukusebenza counterterrorist.

Naphezu okutholakele olusemthethweni kuze kuzokwenziwa ngendlela uphenyo elikhipha abantu ababenyathelisa ekuhleleni ukuhlaselwa, abaningi imininingwane kunjalo namanje imfihlakalo futhi baphakamise imibuzo, njengoba abezindaba phakathi abayizakhamuzi ezejwayelekile. Sicacise zonke izimfihlakalo zikhona lezi zenzakalo eziyinhlekelele? Kungenzeka, uma kwenzeka, akusiyo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Kodwa, naphezu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi, kufanele ukhumbule izisulu abaye baba kalowo izithakazelo zezombusazwe.