Ufuzo. kuguquka ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo

Kwezakhi - ke linamandla genotype ukuguqulwa, ebanjwa bedle imvelo kwangaphandle nangekhatsi. I amagama kwahlongozwa Hugo uDe Vries. Inqubo lapho lolu shintsho kwenzeka libizwa mutagenesis. Kamuva esihlokweni sicabangela uhlobo imininingwane lolu shintsho kwalokho kwatholakala ukuthi kuguquka ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo.

amagama

kuguquka ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo - ukuguqulwa kwezakhi ezithile zofuzo kumaseli ezithile esikhathini yentuthuko ngabanye umzimba. Esikhathini esedlule sasicabanga ukuthi genotype ukuguqulwa ngokuvamile kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokuba azakhele amaseli okukhulile noma igciwane embryo ngempela ezingeni. Lena yokuthi ushintsho germline ukusungulwa yibo bonke emangqamuzaneni okuthiwa akhiwa ngesikhathi ekuthuthukisweni kwe-zygote. Umsolwa uvele ngaphambi iqhaza kokuqala kuguquka gametes. Namuhla, abaningi amaqiniso ngemvelaphi genotype ukushintshwa noma nini yomuntu ukuthuthukiswa umzimba.

Izinguquko ezilinganiselwe ezitshalweni

Sekuyisikhathi eside isayensi efakazelwe ukuthi kuguquka isitshalo ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo kwenzeka impela njalo. Isibonelo ihlumela-ukushintshashintsha, okuyinto zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe nge-Darwin. Izinguquko ezinjalo zivame kakhulu izihlahla zezithelo nezitshalo Ornamental, futhi isetshenziselwe athola izinhlobo zabo ezintsha. Tinhlobo letehlukene apula, amawolintshi, kanye nezinye izithelo ezihlukahlukene ziye etholwe kokutholakala indoda kwamanye amagatsha ukuthi ayemelene wonke esihlahleni. Lokhu kungaba ijubane nokuvuthwa, futhi isayizi shape, kanye nenani izithelo. Ukusebenzisa izinqubo autonomic yalezi amagatsha, izihlahla ingatholakala ezinezici ezifanayo ingxenye umzali. Kukholakala ukuthi original kwaqala befika kusukela ekuguquleni amangqamuzana ayinhloko ngilungele ukukhula. Ngokusekelwe yokuthi izitshalo izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu isakhasa, okuyiqiniso kuqinisekiswa ukuzala ngesikhathi ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo vegetative akuzona. Lokhu kungenzeka uma ushintsho lwangena subepidermal ungqimba, njengoba eyakheke therefrom germ cells. Ngenxa yalokho, lesi sitshalo efanayo ungahlangana kokubili Ushintshe hhayi ehlaselwe ngokuguqula izakhi izicubu, ezingafani kusuka komunye nomunye.

Inguquko izilwane

Ezilwaneni, akukho ukukhiqizwa kabusha vegetative futhi aziqabukeli indlela germinal. Ngakho-ke, igama elithi "kuguquka ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo" kuzo kuyaqabukela esetshenziswa. I nofuzo kwabangaphezu kakhulu wafunda kwezinye izinhlobo, ngakho ungabukela futhi lezi ukulungiswa. fly okunjalo Drosophila uyalandisa. Iduna Ngokwesibonelo, zitholwe yehlukile kulaba abanye ngombala noma ukuma izingxenye ezithile zomzimba noma izitho.

ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo e abantu

Ukulungiswa zenzeka kumaseli diploid. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwenzeka kuphela khona izakhi zofuzo evelele futhi esikhubazayo, etholakala isimo homozygous. ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo e abantu kuyinto encike ngqo kwi nesikhathi nesenzakalo yabo. I ngaphambili ukuthuthukiswa isakhi sofuzo izinguquko zenzeka, kulapho olufanele amaseli ahlupheke. Kukuyiphi simo, ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo kungabonakala nasemkhakheni abantu? Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ayiqinisekiswanga. Mhlawumbe le nqubo kungenxa ushintsho umbala iris iso, ukonakala abulalayo, nabanye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthuthukiswa izimila ebulalayo, isibonelo, ikakhulukazi ezithinta carcinogens, ikakhulukazi omubi zazo - imisebe namakhemikhali kuhamba.

aberrations chromosomal

Ngaphansi le ncazelo, kuyaqondakala ushintsho chromosome isakhiwo. kuguquka ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo kuphumela le nqubo. Esimeni izinguquko ukukhubazeka kwezakhi ezithile zofuzo ngendlela efanele usaqala yentuthuko may ukubukeka bilyateralnyh yamatshe. Yena nengxenye eyodwa umzimba imfanelo evelele kanye nezinye - ne esikhubazayo. Endabeni le ngokobulili Ama-chromosomes e akhiwa ginandromorfy nge uhhafu iduna nensikazi izimpawu. kuguquka ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo nabantu ephelele ngendlela germinal kuthinta ingxenye ethile amaseli lwegciwane. Ngenxa yalokho, ubonakala kwezinye inzalo ngesimo ukuguqulwa esingesihle. Nokho, lesi simo ivelakancane. Ngokuyinhloko, ezifana ushintsho zezakhi zofuzo alutholakalanga inzalo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kuguquka nokuguqulwa ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo eyaziwa - ubuye ngempela ezingavamile. Ngokusho imiphumela ucwaningo ehlukahlukene, it is iyakhula yizici ezifanayo njengoba germinal, okungukuthi X-ray. isakhi sofuzo Mutabelnosti kubangela izenzakalo eziningi. Ngo izitshalo, isibonelo, lezi zibandakanya mottled, variegated, futhi umbala ukushintsha ezinye izingxenye into. Kubantu, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, musa ncamashi kungase kutholakale imiphumela kanye nemiphumela yokwanda koshintsho ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo. Nokho, kungaba bazitshela ukuthi lezi zenzo ziwukubonakaliswa we KaMose nezici quin ezifana amehlo ezahlukene umbala, indawo yabo, lesikhumba, nabanye. Okwamanje abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umphumela yokwanda koshintsho ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo iziphiwo zomusa ezahlukeneyo imvelo abulalayo yesimila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zama ukuthola ukuxhumana nge wayephazamisekile chromosomal. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi isici esiyinhloko kuba ukwanda inani lezakhi zofuzo, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isizathu siwukuthi ukuqedwa kwabo. Nokho, lokhu okungukuthi nje kuwukuqagela. ubufakazi Scientific ukuthi kukhona, futhi Cytology akazange lalingakambulelwa.