Ubani owasungula zamagama of isiRashiya? Kanjani yokubhala isiRashiya?

Indima eloba ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu ayikwazi babenesibindi esikhulu. Ngisho ngaphambi kokusungulwa yezincwadi zethu evamile abantu asendulo amshiya uphawu amatshe ahlukahlukene namatshe. Okokuqala kwakukhona izithombe, njalo khona bezazila kwathathelwa indawo izinhlamvu. Ekugcineni kwakukhona kuwusizo kakhudlwana ukuze uthumele futhi baqonde incwadi Ulwazi ngosizo izincwadi. Ngemva kwekhulu futhi yeminyaka, lezi zibonakaliso-izimpawu asiza kabusha esidlule kwezizwe eziningi. A indima ekhethekile Kulokhu kudlalwa izikhumbuzo lokubhala: amasethi ezahlukene kwemithetho kanye asemthethweni, imisebenzi etemibhalo Umlando nabantu abavelele.

Namuhla, ulwazi owasungula zamagama of isiRashiya, iyinkomba yokuthi hhayi kuphela ekukhuleni yomuntu, kodwa futhi inquma salo sengqondo sokungafuni ukuba izwe lapho wazalwa futhi wahlala.

Indlela Bonke baqala

Eqinisweni, isisekelo ukudalwa zamagama wabeka abaseFenike ekupheleni 2 yeminyaka BC. e. Ngokuba benyuka ongwaqa, ayesetshenziselwa isikhathi eside. Ngemva kwalokho, zamagama abo waboleka phelelisa amaGreki: liye lavela onkamisa. Kwakungenxa 8 leminyaka BC. e. umlando Eminye zamagama of isiRashiya kungenziwa kubonakala kule scheme: uhlamvu Greek - zamagama Latin - the Cyrillic Slavic. Lezi zinkulumo njengoba isisekelo ukudalwa ubhala inombolo abantu ahlobene.

Ukwakheka uthi lasendulo

Kusukela ngomhlaka 1 leminyaka AD, inqubo ukuwohloka iqala izizwe abahlala ensimini ka eMpumalanga Yurophu ukhuluma ezivamile Proto-Slavic ulimi. Ngenxa yalokho, eduze Dnieper phakathi kwakhiwa Kievan Rus, kamuva elaba isikhungo isimo enkulu. ingxenye yakhe ohlala empumalanga lwamaSlav, owagcina kwakhiwa siqu indlela yabo ekhethekile zokuphila namasiko. Kuye athuthukiswe futhi kule ndaba ebonisa indlela kwafika yokubhala isiRashiya.

Ukukhula ukuqinisa State ukusungula ubudlelwano kwezomnotho kanye namasiko kanye nakwamanye amazwe, ngokuyinhloko Western Europe. Futhi ukuthi ngokubhala ezidingekayo, ikakhulu kusukela ngo-laseRussia laqala ukuletha kuqala amabhuku Isonto ngesiSlavonic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona buthakathaka ubuqaba kanye lwasakazekela kulo lonke elaseYurophu lenkolo entsha - ubuKristu. Yingaleso sikhathi futhi kwaba kunesidingo esiphuthumayo ngokuba "okusungulile" zamagama lapho imfundiso entsha kungaba adlulisele kubo bonke lwamaSlav. Waba zamagama zesiCyrillic, adalwe "abafowabo baseThesalonika."

Umsebenzi obalulekile, Constantine noMethodius

Ekhulwini lesi-9 abantwana bakwa-amaGreki wekuvana eThesalonika egameni umbusi WaseByzantium waya eMoravia - ngesikhathi isimo esinamandla, itholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele banamuhla neSlovakia Czech Republic. Umsebenti wabo kwaba ukwethula lwamaSlav owayehlala eMpumalanga Yurophu, ne izimfundiso zikaKristu imibono zamukelwa kabanzi ezinkolweni, kanye uqhuba ukukhulekela ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko bendawo. Kukhethwa yawa phezu kwezinsizwa abazalwane ababili ngengozi: banayo amakhono ezinhle yenhlangano, bonisani ukukhuthala ekhethekile ezifundweni zabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bobabili yingcweti kahle izilimi isiGreki Slavic. UConstantine (ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, ngemva izifungo indela wayephiwe igama elisha - UCyril, yena wangena umlando) noMethodius baba abantu owasungula zamagama of isiRashiya. Kwakuyoba khona ngenxa eziphawuleka kakhulu komsebenzi wabo ngonyaka 863 mhlawumbe.

Cyrillic

Uma udala i-alfabhethi ngoba abazalwane Slavic esetshenziswa zamagama ngesiGreki. Izincwadi kwakuhambelana nokuka yokubiza ngezilimi ezizwe ezimbili, bashiya zinjalo. Ukuze ubheke Slavic inkulumo umsindo abangu engekho amaGreki, izimpawu ezintsha 19 yasungulwa. Ngenxa yalokho, i-alfabhethi entsha zazinezincwadi 43, eziningi zazo eziye kamuva sangena amagama ezizwe abake abakhuluma ulimi olufana nolwabo.

Kodwa indaba owasungula zamagama of isiRashiya akugcini lapho. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, lwamaSlav 9-10 ezimbili izinhlobo zamagama ayevamile: Cyrillic (zazo eshiwo ngenhla) kanye Glagolitic. Eyesibili iqukethe abambalwa izincwadi - 38 noma 39, uphawu lwawo kwaba nzima. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu zokuqala asetshenziselwa abonisa amadijithi ezengeziwe.

Ngakho kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uCyril zamagama yasungulwa?

Sekungamakhulu eminyaka amaningana, abacwaningi bakuthola kunzima ukunikeza impendulo esiqondile kulo mbuzo. Ngo 'Ukuphila kukaCyril, "kwazeke ukuthi" ngosizo umfowabo ... nabafundi ... kwakuyizwi Slavic zamagama ... ". Uma kunjalo, khona-ke ubani phakathi kwalaba ababili - Cyrillic kanye Glagolitic - indalo yayo? Udaba nzima yokuthi lo mbhalo wesandla, wenza ngisho uCyril noMethodius, awazange walondoloza, futhi kamuva (eziphathelene namakhulu eminyaka 9-10) - alisho isiphi salezi amagama.

Ukuze uqonde owasungula zamagama of isiRashiya, abacwaningi benza bethu bacwaninga kakhulu. Ikakhulu, amathuluzi asetshenziswayo iqhathaniswa komunye nomunye nakubo yayikhona ngisho nangaphambi ukubukeka kwabo amagama kanye ihlaziye ngokuningiliziwe imiphumela. Asizange afinyelele kusivumelwano, kodwa eziningi ziyavumelana ukuthi uCyril ukuthi cishe ayisungula Glagolitic, ngisho phambi uhambo eMoravia. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi isibalo izinhlamvu kwaba eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze isakhiwo ifonotiki ka-Old Church lwamaSlav (elakhelwe lokubhala). Ngaphezu kwalokho, e ukope yayo izinhlamvu Glagolitic e ngokuya sihluke ngesiGreki namabhere zifana kancane phansi yesimanje.

kahle Cyrillic yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo zamagama Russian (az + beeches - igama izincwadi zayo zokuqala) angase adalwe noyedwa kubafundi of Constantine - Clement Ohritskim. Wawuqamba ngokuthi behlonipha othisha.

Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlamvu zamagama Russian

Kungakhathaliseki owasungula zamagama zesiCyrillic, ukuthi waba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukudalwa zamagama zanamuhla Russian kanye zamagama.

Ngo 988 sidilizwa Russia ebuKristwini, okuyinto kakhulu abathintekayo isiphetho ulimi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kumiswa ukuloba kwakhe siqu. Kancane kancane ulimi Old Russian, okuyinto esekelwe Cyrillic zamagama ngcono. Kwakuyisikhathi inqubo eside, okwaphela kuphela ngemva 1917. Khona-ke sekwenziwe izinguquko zesimanje ukuze zamagama, okuyinto sisebenzisa namuhla.

Indlela ukushintsha Cyrillic

Ngaphambi yokubhala isiRashiya eseke ukubukeka ukuthi namuhla, isimiso ABC-lokuqala usebhekene izinguquko eziningi. Izinguquko eziphawuleka kakhulu waqala eminyakeni 1708-10 ngaphansi uPetru mina e 1917-18 emva kwempi.

Ekuqaleni, izinhlamvu zamagama zesiCyrillic, kakhulu okusikhumbuza uhlamvu WaseByzantium, kwaba ambalwa xaxa, doublet, izinhlamvu, isibonelo, n = i, o = ѡ - kungenzeka ziye zasetshenziswa nokudluliswa imisindo Bulgarian. Kwakukhona ezahlukene nokugqamisa emamaki esasibonisa accent, pronunciation breathy.

Ngaphambi wokubusa uPetru mina ngokuqondile ezenziwe izincwadi elisho izinombolo - nguye esethula akhawunti Arabhu.

I kabusha lokuqala (kwathiwa kubangelwa isidingo ezilandelwayo amaphepha olusemthethweni: ABC zashaqwa 7 izinhlamvu: £ (xi), S (ngokudlulele) nezilotshwe amanothi onkamisa enginakho (bafaka ekhona) e (kabusha) Lokhu okuningi lula. zamagama, kuthi yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi "civil". Ngo 1783, Karamzin uthe Y. incwadi Ekugcineni, ngemva 1917 Russian zamagama izincwadi ziye zanyamalala 4, futhi b (EP) no-b (Efe) lasho kuphela ukuqina futhi umsungulo we ongwaqa .

Ngokuphelele ushintshe igama izinhlamvu. Ekuqaleni, yilowo nalowo kubo emelelwa lonke igama, futhi wonke zamagama, ngokuvumelana abacwaningi abaningi, wagcwala nencazelo ekhethekile. Lokhu kubonakala khona kwengqondo ndlela yokucabanga zalabo yasungulwa zamagama. isiRashiya uye walilondoloza inkumbulo izinhlamvu zokuqala amagama izaga kanye namazwi. Ngokwesibonelo, "ukuqala kabusha" - okungukuthi, kusukela ekuqaleni ..; "Phi yebo izhitsa - lazy yenza eduze." Bona ezimiselwe ukwenzeka, nasekumeni phraseologisms: "Buka isenzo."

Yena liyamtusa saint enkulu

Ukudalwa zamagama zesiCyrillic lwaba isenzakalo esivelele kakhulu ngoba izwe Slavic lonke. Isingeniso yokuloba bavunyelwe ukudlulisela inzalo nesipiliyoni anqwabelene, ukutshela umlando ekhazimulayo ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano uthi ezimele. Abanaso ngephutha ngithi: "Uyafuna ukwazi iqiniso - uqale nge zamagama."

Dlula ekhulwini, kukhona izinto ezintsha. Kodwa labo necebo zamagama of isiRashiya, wakhumbula ohlonishwayo. Ubufakazi lena iholide, uSuku Slavic Literature, esiqhutshwa njalo ngonyaka ngo-May 24, kugujwa emhlabeni wonke.