Toxoplasma: ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe pathogen Toxoplasma toxoplasmosis gondii

Toxoplasma - a uhlobo lwe of eukaryotes yisinanakazana, okubandakanya uhlobo olulodwa kuphela thembeke wafunda - Toxoplasma gondii. Lokhu silwanyana kungenziwa tingeniswe nobe ngasiphi isilwane noma amangqamuzana omuntu, kuhlanganise kwemizwa, EPITHELIAL, ubuchopho nezicubu inhliziyo. Ngoba impilo akazange kudingeka oksijini, ngoba anaerobic. Isikhungo eyinhloko Toxoplasma yizona ezimelela omkhaya ikati, emzimbeni okuyinto sidlula izigaba eziningana ukuthuthukiswa, kuphenduke i simila omdala. Cats kukhona uhlobo incubator, ukugqamisa ne indle Iqanda eukaryote. Futhi njengoba i aphethe Lesisemkhatsini ezihlukahlukene izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, kuhlanganise nabantu ingakhethwa.

Isifo esibangelwa lwegciwane

Toxoplasma gondii, ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe okuyinto egcina izigaba eziningana, okubangela isifo okuthiwa toxoplasmosis. Kubantu, lesi sifo sivame ukwenzeka Akumangalisi kalula futhi ngaphandle izimpawu ezisobala. Kodwa uma nibona ngegciwane ngesikhathi ekhulelwe noma ngesikhathi ngesikhathi amasosha omzimba kuyehla (isib, phambi kwe-HIV), lokho kungase kubangele nemiphumela engathi sína futhi kuze kubangele ukufa.

Isakhiwo micro-umzimba

Ifomu omdala lifana inyanga inhlendla. Front ahlelwe izinqubo ezikhethekile lapho Toxoplasma is ukusivumela ukuba yangaphakathi izitho aphethe. It has no organelles, kodwa ngaphandle kwabo Ungahambisa kahle faka, futhi iqalise endaweni sokuval ibhodlela izicubu amaseli.

Ukushayela silwanyana sokuphila

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo Toxoplasma kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe uthi ezimbili ezihlukene:

• ekutholeni ikati lakhe esiswini;
• ekhishwa amaqanda endaweni ezungezile.

Kungenzeka ukuthi wonke ukuthuthukiswa kwe-bacterium ingadlulela kuphela emzimbeni cat efanayo. benziwa i amagciwane abadala kancane kancane, odlulayo komunye isigaba yentuthuko kwenye. Ukuguquguquka kwempilo Toxoplasma, ogama sikimu kuboniswe esithombeni yakhiwa ngokulandelana atholwe lwegciwane amafomu. Njengoba zikhula, wahlala iminyaka eminingi, uye aphethwe zozine: trophozoite - pseudocysts - izicubu izinhlumba - oocyst (amaqanda avundiswa). Kumiswa abantu abavuthiwe nazo ezenzeka izigaba eziningana:

• schizogony - division of the kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana nokwakha sebuningini indodakazi merozoites;
• luthela - kumiswa nezilwanyana ezincane ezimbili ezintsha igobolondo komunye umama iseli;
• gametogony - ukuzala yi ekubumbaneni;
• sporogony - igatsha lamisa ngemva ngokobulili ukukhiqizwa kabusha zygote.

Izigaba umjikelezo wokuphila: sexless

Asexual kuyingxenye yokuphila senzeka umninikhaya Lesisemkhatsini. It kungaba, futhi, ikati noma yimuphi omunye isilwane esinegazi elifudumele, inyoni noma isilwane esihuquzelayo. Trophozoites, kanye emzimbeni, linamathele kwemisipha amangqamuzana obuchopho, okuyisisekelo vacuole esitokisini brandizoitami, okuyinto yena, ibe pseudocysts. Toxoplasma gondii ayikwazi ukutholwa uhlelo evela kumuntu noma esilwaneni mzimba, kusukela izinhlumba afihliwe ngaphakathi amaseli bomdabu. Futhi ukumelana layo nemithi ihlukile kangangokuba ngezinye izikhathi abhubhise bonke izinhlumba emisipheni kungenzeka zingenzeki. Lokusakaza ngaphakathi vacuoles sokuhlukanisa uveza ngokushesha proliferating tachyzoites. Native aphethe cell Ukuvutha kanye nezinambuzane ezihambayo baphume, ezithinta inani elikhulayo amaseli enempilo. Tachyzoites bungabonakala futhi ubhujiswe amasosha omzimba, kodwa akwanele ukuba abayekise lisakazeka.

Toxoplasma: umjikelezo wokuphila. Isigaba ngokocansi

isigaba ngokocansi kanye lokugcina lomjikelezo bacterium ukuphila yenzeka emzimbeni amakati - kokubili ezifuywayo nezasendle. Izicubu izinhlumba kungenziwa yagwinywa cat nge inyoni onegciwane noma igundane. Badlula esiswini, kuthinte amaseli EPITHELIAL emathunjini amancane. Zafika lapho, zatholana nokuzala ucansi ngendlela kakade, futhi umphumela waba ukuthi kukhona ezinhlamvu oocysts amabili futhi emine oluncane imibungu amagciwane, ngokuthi sporozoites.

Nge indle amaqanda ngomumo nimkhiphele imvelo. Bona ukugcina ikhono ikhono bahlaliswa ngenkani ezweni, esihlabathini kuze kube iminyaka engu-2, uma izici zangaphandle akuzona evumayo zokuthuthukiswa yabo phambili. Izilwane kanye nabantu kalula ukugwinya oocysts, usithathela izithelo ezingahlanjiwe noma imifino, hhayi inyama okugazingiwe noma engaphekiwe. Njengoba eqhubeka ehamba aba umthombo ukutheleleka kwezinye Sebawoti, kuhlanganise nabantu. Toxoplasma gondii is busuka amaseli emathunjini bese, kanye ukugeleza kwegazi isakazwa wonke umzimba. Ngo izibilini, ngokuvamile ebuchosheni, izinhlumba akhiwa, ngamunye equkethe amakhulu tsistozoitov - amagciwane mononuclear.

Izindlela ukutheleleka

Ngokungafani namakati, umuntu ogulayo asisho ukukhiqiza izinhlumba lwegciwane emhlabeni, kanye nabanye abameleli nezilwane. Toxoplasma - a silwanyana okuyinto amaqanda kungaba cishe noma kuphi: otshanini, emasimini ukuthi zisemhlabeni, utshani, isihlabathi. Kuzo zonke izindawo lapho kuhlala khona amakati azikhulula.

Sithathe lwegciwane kungaba:

• Kusukela ikati ogulayo, ubuqotho ifakwa ebucayini uma ngamathe yayo, umchamo noma indle hit izembozo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba zigeze izandla ngensipho ngaphambi kokudla nangemuva ukuhlanza ugqoko ikati.
• Lapho ukudla inyama yenkukhu isigamu-wabhaka noma izilwane (iwundlu, ingulube), kahle wageza imifino, izithelo, amakhambi nemifino.
• Abathwali futhi isinyathelo nabo indle yamakati izimpukane, amaphela. Ngemva contact ukudla umuntu angaba elinegciwane, usithathela ukudla osekonakele.

Kodwa catch toxoplasmosis kusukela ikati abavamile zasekhaya akulula njengoba ungase ucabange.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuthi ikati kwaba obapha Toxoplasma.

Okwesibili, izinhlumba avele inkathi ethile yesikhathi. Ngokuvamile amasonto ambalwa kanye indle amakati, kodwa kanye kuphela lonke ngokuphila kwesilwane.

izimpawu ukutheleleka

Ikakhulu abantu neze izimpawu, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi isimo sempilo woniwa njengoba umkhuhlane. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa noma izinyanga, esigabeni acute lesi sifo kuba amahlala ngokushelela. In iziguli immunocompromised ukutheleleka kungabangela encephalitis toxoplasmosic, inyumoniya noma ezinye izinqubo ukuvuvukala, ngawo umuntu efa. Phakathi nenkathi yokukhulelwa, Toxoplasma, ezisabalele ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe izinyathelo ezimbalwa futhi abakwazanga ukumenza aphule ku inqubo nokuthutha kusuka pathogen ukuba aphethe main Lesisemkhatsini, kweqa placenta nele-fetus iziteleka. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuholela ekufeni intrauterine umntwana noma ukuphuphuma. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukutheleleka kunomthelela ekushintsheni ukuziphatha umninikhaya. Silwanyana "kubangela" amagundane noma amagundane ayisesabi zamakati, ngisho ukucinga izindawo zokuhlala. Amagciwane enza lokhu ukuze bendlulela esigabeni esilandelayo umjikelezo wokuphila, uma ikati uyodla laliba isisulu esilula. Obuqinisekisiwe ukuhlobana phakathi bayasangana khona umzimba Toxoplasma. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi khona ukutheleleka kungathinta ukuthuthukiswa uhlanyiswa noma ezinye izinguquko kwengqondo.

ihlaziya

Ngemva kwakhiwa ukutheleleka okuyisisekelo kubantu is futhi livikela amasosha omzimba impilo yonke ukuba lesi silwanyana. Ukuze asize abazalwane ekulweni namagciwane lwaba khona immunoglobulin, ayisiza. Amasosha Omzimba uyakwazi:

• iwukudambisa ubuthi ukuthi yakha amagciwane;
• uxhumano nomsebenzisi kwezinga amaseli lwegciwane;
• ukuwela yi-placenta, fetus kancane ukwakha Ukuvikelwa yekwentiwa.

Toxoplasma IgG zitholiwe serum igazi, cerebrospinal fluid, iphaphu isikhwehlela nezinye izimfihlo begazi. Uma la masosha omzimba atholakala inani 7/16 Sec., Bese benza ucwaningo olwengeziwe nge polymerase chain reaction ukuthola ukutheleleka asebenzayo. Ukuba esiteji acute zesifo - ukutheleleka okuyisisekelo - kubonisa khona DNA lwegciwane e nokusaketshezi begazi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-oketshezini olungenambala lwegazi toxoplasmosis kungenziwa akazange embule kuzo zonke izimo, ngisho yokuhlaselwa anda.

ukuhumusha imiphumela

Toxoplasma IgG esibhalwe ukuthi "+" futhi Igm c «-» kubonisa ukuthuthukiswa amasosha omzimba esiqhubekayo ukuphila. Bobabili izibalo nge "+" ibonisa ukuthi igciwane eyinhloko. Futhi uma Igm-plus, kodwa IgG lokususa, ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa lingasho ukutheleleka intrauterine umbungu. Ukungabikho amasosha omzimba lwegazi lgm njalo kubonisa yalokho ezimbi. Ngisho uma isifo okwenzeka, kwenzeka kudala. Ngakho-ke, ngaleso sikhathi kwanoma iyiphi ingozi kubantu ayisekho.

Toxoplasma gondii, ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe okuyinto luyindida unjalo ejenti causative lwesifo esibi. Kodwa eqinisweni, cishe wonke umuntu emhlabeni ukuthi uhlala ndawonye ne isikhathi ikati "meet" yakhe nangesikhathi beseyizingane. Asymptomatic isigaba acute lesi sifo akusho amehlo, futhi ifomu esingamahlalakhona noma yenethiwekhi ayiyona ingozi kubantu nezinye nabantu ababemzungezile. Toxoplasmosis kuyingozi kuphela uma owesifazane okhulelwe awuzange itheleleke ngaphambili, kodwa wathatha isifo uthwele ingane. Ngakho-ke, ebuntwaneni noma at the stage of zokuhlela umndeni akufanele egcina ngokwakha ukuxhumana amakati - kungcono ukuba isilwane sakho, ukuze umzimba uye wazakhela Ukuvikelwa impilo ezifweni. Lokhu kuzosiza ugcine impilo yesikhathi esizayo ye-fetus ukuze ayivikele lesi sifo sibulale.