Party - inhlangano yezepolitiki ...: definition, umqondo, izinhlobo kanye nezici

Party - lo mqondo lihunyushwa lisuselwa Latin lisho ukuthi "ingxenye". Lokho ingxenye ezinye emphakathini omningi. Party - igama eside ngaphambi ukuvela inhlangano ngefomu yabo samanje limelela iqembu labantu. Bona encintisana nomunye noma uhulumeni uqobo, noma ukuthonya ke.

Umlando ukuvela amaqembu

Ngisho e ongqondongqondo lwesiGreki sakuqala, sithola kukhulunywa la izinhlangano. U-Aristotle, isibonelo, wabhala ukuthi e Attica ku 6th ekhulwini BC. e. kwakukhona ababethanda phakathi kwezinhlangano abakhileyo ezintabeni, emathafeni nezwe elingasogwini. Ngenxa yalokho, ngalesi sikhathi zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa yabo (onesiqongo). Party Ephakathi babe amaqembu ukuthi zenzeka kakhulu bemvelo yesikhashana. It is, eyaziwa isibonelo, ukuthi eNgilandi yangeNkathi Ephakathi yayiwukuphela impi phakathi "amaqembu" ezimbili, okuyi Roses. Nokho, ukuvela prototypes sabo ngomqondo wesimanje kulezi izwi kungenziwa kuphela khuluma kusukela esikhathini ukulwelwa wobunxiwankulu. Kuyinto, ngaphezu kwakho konke, mayelana inguquko eNgilandi ekhulwini le-17. Party - union ukuthi sekukhona ngenxa yokuthi le absolutist isimo imisebenzi Kuye ishintshela kokungavinjelwe. Kube khona ubuntu ezizimele ababefuna lokuhlanganyela emphakathini, ukuthonya uhulumeni. Kwabonakala ukuthi khona ezihlukahlukene izithakazelo emphakathini kusemthethweni. Ngemva kwalokho kwaba khona iqembu lezombusazwe. Lena ekhethekile ithuluzi yakhelwe ukumelela lonke elase-izithakazelo abantu ohlelweni amandla.

Izimpawu ezisemqoka amaqembu

Kukhona isayensi partologiya ekhethekile wahlanganyela abakufundayo. ososayensi Political ungakaqedi afinyelele kusivumelwano ngalokho okwenza ihlangano yepolotiki. Singagcina ngokubu- uqaphele ukuthi ngesikhathi nenchazelo olwamukelwa alikho. Nokho, singaqokomisa izici ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uwahlukanise kusuka nezinye izinhlangano zezombusazwe. Lezi zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

- inhlangano ubuncane esisemthethweni;

- uhlelo imisebenzi ngokuhlanganyela;

- khona isimo esithile nomphakathi, kuhlanganise nesifiso ukuthonya ngokuqondile ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe, kanye indima ebalulekile okhethweni, ekulungiseleleni umkhankaso wokhetho;

- esikhundleni esikhethekile esimweni, kuhlanganise nobuhlobo izakhi of iqembu lakhe indlela ezihilelekile ekwakhekeni nokusebenza uhlelo lukahulumeni;

- isizinda sakhe ngekwemiva netenhlalo;

- umbuso ekhethekile zomthetho, okusho ukuthi umsebenzi wokulawula normative imisebenzi beqembu kanye nesimo zako zemithetho kanye nomthethosisekelo.

Inchazelo jikelele iqembu

Ngokusekelwe izimfanelo idatha anganikeza incazelo jikelele. Iqembu - inhlangano yezombangazwe yokuzithandela, ehlanganisa abantu abanale kwezifiso ezivamile kanye nezintshisekelo elifuna sithole amandla ezombusazwe noma ukubamba iqhaza ekwenzeni lokho okuhleliwe. The main esiwuphawu sici buhluke phakathi kwezinye amakilabhu, ukunyakaza kanye nezinhlangano, ke ehilelekile mshini amandla, isimangalo kuso. Nakuba lesi sici ebaluleke kakhulu, iqembu lingakwazi abanezikhundla ezahlukene maqondana uhulumeni okhona. Ngokwesibonelo, bangase babe ukuphikiswa, ukwenza i-kokugumbuqelwa ukuhleleka. Aphikisayo ingaqondiswa hhayi kuphela ngokumelene ukwehluleka isimo sisonke, kodwa futhi abamelene nenkambiso uhulumeni wamanje. Iqembu ingase futhi iqhaza ekuphathweni, uhulumeni, isenzo njengendlela umlingani we nezinye izinhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uyakwazi lokwakha uhulumeni kuphela. Party, sikwazile ukufeza lokhu, ngezinye izikhathi, sifuna ukuqinisa ayitholwa yayo ngamandla, njengoba ehlonipha umthetho, okungukuthi, ukususa ukuphikiswa. Inkulumo kulokhu umbuzo yekubona iqembu nesimo.

ezingeni ezintathu party

Uma ucabangela nokwakheka imidlalo yesimanje, amazinga amathathu kudingeka okumelwe ahlukaniswe:

1. Izinga Eliphakeme Kunawo Wonke - ukumelwa ohlelweni amandla. It letisebenta e apharathasi isimo owayethatha okuthunyelwe kwabo ngenxa party sokusebenzisana: yiLungu lePhalamende, umbusi, umongameli, iphini party.

2. elilandelayo - isilinganiso. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inhlangano esemthethweni party.

3. Izinga aphansi - block of abavoti. Lokhu base mass, esihlinzeka ukwesekwa ukhetho beqembu ngesikhathi ekhankasela ukhetho. Qaphela ukuthi ubulungu ukuthi iqembu kusekelwe okwengeziwe ukuzinikela wamemezela. Ukuzibandakanya Esemthethweni ayibalulekile - hhayi zifakwe ohlwini olufanele. Party zigcinwe hhayi ukusayina amaphepha asemthethweni.

izinhlobo imidlalo

Ake sicabangele izinhlobo amaqembu ezombusazwe. Babonisa phezu kwesisekelo sabo yamaSoviet, ubunjalo nezenhlalakahle Umsebenzi oyinhloko kwezenhlalo kanye indima lezombusazwe, ubunjalo nezindlela zayo umsebenzi futhi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi.

abasebenzi party

Bona, ngokuvumelana Duverger, kwakheka ngenxa ukuvela amaqembu ezombusazwe. Umsebenti wabo oyinhloko - yokugqugquzela abantu abanethonya futhi wakuthola esifundeni esithile yokhetho ukuze basekelwe inqwaba abavoti emelela izingxenye ezahlukene labantu kanye ne-orientation ezahlukene ngemibono. Abaningi party yesimanje European lafundzisela olandelanayo, eyakho zalolu hlobo. Basuke izimpawu ubulungu samahhala, bese kuba alukho uhlelo kokubhaliswa amalungu, uhlu kubo. Lezi zinkampani futhi kuphawulwe khona iminikelo njalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isakhiwo sabo ingahlalisekanga. imidlalo Active yalolu hlobo kuzibonakalisa ikakhulukazi phakathi kokhetho. izibonelo ezithile: Democratic kanye Party Republican US.

amaqembu mass

amaqembu IMisa kwaphakama ngenxa suffrage jikelele. Zimelela inhlangano enkulu nge ngezinga eliphezulu ideologization futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi Sakhiwo sangekhatsi. Lezi zinkampani yakha base yezenhlalakahle ziqhamuka kwezakhi engezansi sabantu. Ngokuyinhloko zingabantu sezenhlalo, lamaKhomanisi nezenhlalo yeningi. Banezinhliziyo ubulungu fixed, party isiyalo. Basuke izimpawu ngezinga eliphezulu yenhlangano. Basebenta ngokugcwele, ine apharathasi olubanzi lokulawula ezihlukahlukene izinhlangano zendawo. Ua iphathi enjalo - kwi ukunxenxa of amalungu amasha. Ngakho axazulula izinkinga zezombusazwe kanye zezimali. Isibonelo ukhonkolo - Russian Communist Party.

imidlalo wasendlini nangaphandle

Lesi sigaba kusekelwe izindlela amalungu wekuhlanganisa. I ovulekile party entry akuyona ukusebenza kwezikole zokusoka. Ngo ivaliwe ukuhambisana kufanele nge imicikilisho nemibandela: amaphrofayli, iseluleko, isinqumo kubaholi lwamaqembu endawo. isiqondiso ezinqala reception esikhathini esidlule ejwayelekile LamaKhomanisi kanye nezinye izinhlangano sezenhlalo kanye lamaKhomanisi. Namuhla kukhona inkinga ka olugcwele base nomphakathi. Ingxenye esemqoka amaqembu isibe evulekile.

Ukwahlukanisa indawo isimiso sezombusazwe

Kuye onjani indawo isimiso sezombusazwe kuthatha iqembu babili zazo.

1. yokubusa. Uma befika amandla, uqala ukuba Uhlelo waqaphela iqembu kwakhiwa uhulumeni. Iqembu iba isinqumo ngenxa ukhetho isishayamthetho isimo. Kulokhu, kungaqali ngempela omunye - kungenzeka eziningana. Kulokhu, amaqembu elibusayo yakha umfelandawonye.

2. I amaqembu aphikisayo. Yilabo ehluliwe okhethweni olwedlule noma azizange wavuma kuye umbuso kwamanje. imisebenzi yabo ukugxila Yiqiniso ukugxeka, setha nguhulumeni, kanye ukudalwa izinhlelo okunye sokuthuthukisa umphakathi. Amaqembu aphikisayo ingahlukaniswa yena, kulabo badlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yomphakathi, futhi labo musa ukudlala it. Ngokwesibonelo, 7 November 2001 wokhetho lobumengameli yayiqhutshelwa e-United States. Ngenxa yalokho, baba elibusayo Republican Party, ukuphikiswa (okuyinto idlala indima enkulu) - Democrats kanye-20 amaqembu aphikisayo asikwazanga badlala indima ebalulekile. Kukhona elinye division. Phakathi amaqembu aphikisayo ukuhlukanisa esisemthethweni, ukuthi aqalise ukusebenza komthetho, bhalisiwe; ngokungemthetho; hhayi kungavunyelwe, kodwa futhi engabhalisiwe.

Ukwahlukanisa imibono yabantu

Ideologically, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

- yamaSoviet, zezombangazwe, ezakhiwe ngesisekelo imibono yabantu, ezenhlalo yeningi, lamakhomanisi, undlovukayiphikiswa, ezivamile, ube nesandla esivulekile;

- inkinga ngamakhasimende, okuyinto bagxila emhlabeni ngentfo letsite noma iqembu (party zesifazane, party "green");

- yokhetho - mezhideologicheskie, nezinhlangano ngezinye izikhathi-non-ngemibono ukuthi abe iqoqo imigomo futhi ahloselwe edonsa uquqaba.

Amaqembu ezombusazwe yasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-20, ke wencike yekuphila. Nokho, namuhla isimo sesishintshile. Esikhathini umphakathi West European namuhla, imibono ubuqotho, kuyilapho phambi kwaba isikhali amaqembu anamandla. Esikhathini sethu, kukhona informatization futhi technocratization livela superideologiya isayensi, rationality nolwazi. Ngakho-ke, amaqembu zanamuhla aye angena endaweni entsha, edinga ingozi zezombusazwe abalulekile. Ngenxa buthakathaka nemibono, imisebenzi abezindaba asebenzayo, umthelela ubuchwepheshe yokhetho okhethweni beqembu nabanye. Basuke kokulahlekelwa labavoti esitebeleni. Ngakho-ke, ngokombono nososayensi zezombusazwe, uhlobo yabo entsha wadala esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Vela party yokhetho lochwepheshe.

party Electoral professional

izici zabo elihluke okulandelayo. Lokhu inhlangano yabantu, elincane inombolo, abaye abaqeqeshiwe ngekuhlanganiswa nalamakhono umsebenzi professional ne abavoti ezingaba khona. Emisebenzini yayo, baya ngqo labavoti. Kulokhu, izimali lezi amaqembu ngokusebenzisa izimali ezithile kanye namaqembu anentshisekelo ngemiphumela. Basuke izimpawu ubuholi komuntu siqu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umholi ngamunye uyaqonda ukuthi kwenzeke kanjani izithakazelo iqembu ixhunywe, elingafunwa nobani ukusebenza. Lolu hlobo inhlangano ukhumbuza "ulwazi kanye izidalwa ezisesimweni sokuguquka technocratic", ramming ohlelweni ukhetho.

Ukuphetha, typology bamaqembu ezombusazwe lulonke lusesimweni kunalokho ezivamile. Empeleni, ngamunye wabo angaba izici sici ezihlukahlukene.