Osip Mandelstam biography ngezithombe

Omunye bengazilawulela khona isigcino ebanga usizi kunazo zaziyigolide, zilungisiwe kombuso wamaSoviet imbongi omkhulu onjalo afana ngazo Mandelstam. Umlando wakhe uye wazakhela kangaka ngenxa yemvelo ezingahlangani ka Osipa Emilevicha. Wayengeke ume iqiniso futhi akafunanga bakhothamele enamandla. Ngakho-ke, ngendlela ehlukile ngalezo zinsuku nangaleso akunakwenzeka ukuthi kwenzekeni kuye, ukuthi wayeqaphela futhi Mandelstam. Umlando wakhe, kanye nemisebenzi imbongi omkhulu, isifundisa okuningi ...

Budushee imbongi wazalelwa e Warsaw ngo-January 3, 1891 esakhula wachitha Petersburg Osip Mandelstam. Umlando womuntu ophilako, ngeshwa, akazange eyabhalwa kuye. Kodwa izinkumbulo lakhe ibingamashumi ngesisekelo incwadi ethi "The Noise Isikhathi." Kungaba kubhekwe kakhulu ngokuphila kwakhe. Qaphela ukuthi izinkumbulo Mandelstam sika esakhula zibukhali futhi azibamba - wagwema ukudalula ngokwabo, akakuthandanga ukubeka amazwana kokubili izinkondlo zakhe ukuphila kwakhe. Osip ekuqaleni kuka wavuthwa imbongi, noma kunalokho, osethole ukubona. Rigor nokungathathi izinto kalula ukuhlukanisa ngendlela lakhe kwezobuciko.

Sikholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele ngokuningiliziwe impilo kanye nomsebenzi imbongi, efana Mandelstam. Biography emfushane ngenhlonipho lowo muntu ezifanele neze. Osipa Emilevicha ubuntu ithakazelisa kakhulu, futhi umsebenzi wakhe ofanelwe Ukutadisha ngokucophelela kakhulu. Njengoba isikhathi lubonise omunye komkhulu Russian izimbongi kwekhulu lama-20 kwaba Mandelstam. Biography emfushane, okwethulwa izincwadi, kusobala eyanele ngokujulile ngokuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi.

Umsuka wegama imbongi

Kunalokho, ithoni amnyama tinged ne kancane ukuthi ingatholakala Umlando Mandelstam mayelana esengumntwana nangesikhathi emkhathini ezizungezile. Ngokusho imbongi, nomkhaya wakhe "kunzima futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi". Ngelilodwa nje, inkulumo kubonakala nge force ethile. Ngakho, okungenani, wacabanga Mandelstam. Kwakuyisikhathi umhlobo wekulumo ongafaneleki 'isici "lomndeni. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi wesizwe samaJuda Mandelstam esemdala. Kwasezweni nelesi-8 kusukela ezinsukwini ukukhanyiselwa abangamaJuda, wabanika izwe odokotela bodumo, izazi zesayensi, orabi, izazi-mlando zesizukulwane izincwadi futhi abahumushi beBhayibheli.

Mandelstam Aemilius Veniaminovich uyise Osip, ungusomabhizinisi futhi self-wafundisa. Wayengumuntu ngokuphelele elingenalo umuzwa ulimi. Mandelstam, encwadini yakhe ethi "The Noise Isikhathi" waphawula ukuthi ngokuphelele azange abe ulimi, kwaba kuphela "bezyazychie" futhi "ulimi-tie". Ngezinye izikhathi esasikudinga sasikuthola Osipovna Flora, unina imbongi kanye umculo uthisha. Mandelstam kuqashelwe ukuthi le isichazamazwi kwaba "ecindezeleke" futhi "ubumpofu", iyakunqanda okuyisidina, kodwa kwaba wokugaklazeka futhi, ecacile "ulimi omkhulu Russian." Kwaba kunina ngofuzo Osip, nge musicality kanye nezici ezithile ukuze isifo senhliziyo, ukunemba kwenkulumo, nemizwa ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko.

Imfundo e Tenishev esikoleni commercial

Mandelstam esikhathini kusuka ngo-1900 kuya 1907 wafunda i-Tenishev esikoleni kwezohwebo. It is njengelinye lamazwe kwezinhlangano engcono yangasese zemfundo zezwe lethu. Kunesikhathi lapho wafunda Zhirmunsky, uVladimir Nabokov. Isibhakabhaka ezazikhona lapha kwaba bokusungula-injabulo. Kulesi sikole kutshalwa izimiso duty zomphakathi kanye nenkululeko yezombusazwe. Eminyakeni 1905-1907 inguquko yokuqala Russian akakwazanga ukumsiza kodwa awela radicalism zezombusazwe kanye Mandelstam. Biography ngakho ngaso sonke esihlobene izenzakalo kwenkathi. Inhlekelele ye-ilwa neJapane kanye nesikhathi wamavukelambuso ayemphefumulele ukudala stihovtornyh ucwaningo kuqala, okuyinto kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha Student. Mandelstam uthwebule kwenzekani njengoba bejabule yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo jikelele, yokuvuselela isici.

Uhambo phesheya

School idiploma wathola 15 Meyi, 1907 Ngemva kwalokho imbongi wazama ukuqala ukulwa inhlangano SRS eFinland, kodwa okusuka ebunganeni ayizange yamukelwe khona. Abazali bakhathazekile ikusasa indodana yakhe, washesha ukuyimukisa esonweni ukufunda phesheya, lapho Mandelstam uhambo kathathu. Okokuqala wayephilé Paris kusukela Okthoba 1907 kuya ehlobo lika-1908 Khona-ke, imbongi esizayo waya eJalimane, lapho-University of Heidelberg wafunda Romance kolimi (kusukela ekwindla ka-1909 kuya entwasahlobo ka-1910). Ngo-July 21, 1910 kuya maphakathi no-Okthoba, wayephila Zehlendorf, Berlin likaPondo. Kuze kube imisebenzi yakamuva izinkondlo Mandelstam sika umsindo echo ukujwayelana kwakhe ne-Western Europe.

Umhlangano no-Anna Akhmatova futhi Gumilev, ukudalwa acmeism

Umhlangano no-ukuvela casula Ahmatovoy futhi UNikolai Gumilev kuchazwa ngokuthi imbongi Osipa Emilevicha. Gumilyov ngo-1911, iqembu elathatha uhambo Abyssinian wabuyela Petersburg. Ngokushesha baba ezintathu ngokuvamile kubonakala ku kokuhlwa etemibhalo. Emva kweminyaka emingi emuva yesehlakalo esibuhlungu - ukudutshulwa ENU ngo-1921 - Osip wabhala Akhmatova, Nikolayu Gumilevu ukuthi kuphela wakwazi ukuqonda izinkondlo zakhe, nokuthi namanje ukhuluma kuye, nguye inkhulumomphendvulwano. Mayelana nendlela Mandelstam, Akhmatova iphathwa, njengoba kufakazelwa isisho sakhe: ". I - owayephila ngesikhathi Akhmatova" Kuphela Osip Mandelstam (isithombe naye casula Andreevnoy ethulwa ngenhla) wayengase athi lokhu esidlangalaleni phakathi Stalin umbuso, lapho Akhmatova kwaba imbongi ahlaza.

Bobathathu (Mandelstam, Akhmatova futhi Gumilev) acmeism baba abasunguli nabameleli ovelele kulo mkhuba omusha ezincwadini. Wokuphila ziye zaphawula ukuthi phakathi ekuqaleni friction esaphakama ngoba Mandelstam kwaba irascible, Gumilyov despotic futhi Akhmatova ezingezwakali.

Iqoqo lokuqala izinkondlo

Ngo-1913 yena wadala iqoqo yakhe yokuqala izinkondlo by Mandelstam. Biography nalapho ngangisebenzela ke base bamukelwe kakade wabhekana nezenzakalo eziningi ezibalulekile futhi ukuphila nakho kakade kwase zingaphezu kokwaneleyo. Imbongi ukhiphe lokhu iqoqo ngezindleko zakhe siqu. Okokuqala, wayefuna ukubiza incwadi yakhe "Shell", kodwa ke wakhetha elinye igama - "Stone", okuyinto kwaba impela umoya acmeism. Amalungu ayo ungathanda ukuthola izwe kabusha, ukunikeza wonke umuntu nesibindi ukusula igama bancishwa kanye elegiac inkungu umgubuzelo, efana Symbolists. Rock - okuqinile futhi isikhathi eside impahla yemvelo, eyaphakade, izandla senkosi. Ngo Osipa Emilevicha nguye emabhuloki ekwakha eyinhloko isiko ezingokomoya, hhayi nje ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Osip Mandelstam ngo-1911 waba umKristu, wenza "shift isiko European." Nakuba wabhapathizwa ngo iSonto LaseWeseli (e Vyborg Meyi 14), amavesi okuqala yokuqoqa yakhe ethumba entshisekweni iSonto indaba ephathwayo. Mandelstam ezithwetshulwe Katolika bokubanga ekuhlelweni imibono yomhlaba wonke. Ngaphansi kokubusa eRoma, ubunye emhlabeni yobuKristu West livela ikwaya izizwe, disparate. Kungokufanayo "idwala" lombhishobhi yakhiwa ngamatshe, "kobukhulu angenamusa" nabangane babo, "uxhaxha zemvelo."

Isimo mayelana inguquko

Esikhathini kusuka 1911 kuya 1917 e-University of St. Petersburg, egatsheni Romano-zamaJalimane, Mandelstam wafunda. Umlando wakhe ngalesi sikhathi kwaphawulwa ukubukeka iqoqo lokuqala. Kunzima kwaba ke ezihlobene kokugqashuka revolution 1917. Scandal futhi ukwehluleka iphelile noma yimiphi imizamo Osipa Emilevicha ukuthola indawo Russia entsha.

Collection Tristia

Amavesi isikhathi inguquko futhi impi Mandelstam bakha iqoqo elisha Tristia. Lokhu "Encwadi usizi," esanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1922 ngaphandle iqhaza umbhali, bese, ngo-1923, ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Owesibili ncwadi," zibhaliwe eMoscow. It ukuqinisa isihloko isikhathi, ukugeleza umlando, okuyinto siqondiswe ukuwa yayo. Kufika ezinsukwini zokugcina zalesi sihloko kuyoba esiphambanweni-osezingeni e imbongi. Leli qoqo lalibonisa entsha izinga Mandelstam iqhawe lyrical. Ngaye, lapho akuseyona siqu, non-iqhaza ukugeleza jikelele isikhathi. izwi Lyrical kwakuzwakala kuphela njengoba ukunkenketha ukuduma kwayo inkathi. Yini eyenzekayo umlando big, ima- njengoba baphihliza nokwakhiwa kwaleli ngokuthi "ithempeli" of self.

Ukuqoqwa Tristia futhi kubonakala ukushintsha okuphawulekayo endleleni isitayela imbongi. ukuthungwa Shaped ihamba ngaphezulu bubheke ebethelwe, "omnyama" inani, shift semantic ulimi engenangqondo imivimbo.

Ukuzula eRussia

Osip Mandelstam ku 1920 ekuseni. I bazulazula ikakhulukazi engxenyeni eseningizimu yeRussia. Waya Kyïv, lapho ahlangana khona nomkakhe esizayo, N. Ya. Hazinoy (ngenhla), ngachitha isikhathi esithile at Voloshin ekhatsi Koktebel, wabe eseya Feodosia, lapho Wrangel counterintelligence ambopha esolwa lobunhloli. Khona-ke, ngemva kokukhululwa kwakhe, waya Batumi Osip Mandelstam. Umlando wakhe imakwe ngumuntu ukuboshwa entsha - manje ingxenye the Coast Guard of the Mensheviks. Osipa Emilevicha ohlengwe ejele T. Tabidze noN Mitsishvili izimbongi Georgian. Ekugcineni, ewuthi lokuvungula kakhulu, wabuyela Petrograd Osip Mandelstam. Umlando wakhe uyaqhubeka yini wahlala isikhathi eNdlini Ubuciko, bese wabuyela eningizimu, bese bazinza eMoscow.

Nokho, phakathi nawo-1920, noluncane ibhalansi wangaphambili yamathemba izinkathazo ekuqondeni okwenzekayo. Umphumela iyona Poetics esishintshile Mandelstam. "Ubumnyama" manje ngokuya ecacile bulingana ke. Ngo-1925, kukhona ekuqhumeni esifushane nekhono lokusungula buxhunyaniswe abanothando Olgoy Vaksel. Ngemva kwalokho, imbongi uwela buthule iminyaka engu-5.

Mandelstam ngokuba nengxenye wesi-2 1920 - isikhathi esibucayi. Ngaleso sikhathi, imbongi wathula, akazange ukushicilela izinkondlo entsha. Akekho usebenza Mandelstam aliveli ngaphakathi iminyaka 5.

Izicelo Eziya Kuziphathimandla temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba

Ngo-1929, Mandelstam nginquma ukushintsha ukuze namaprozi. Wabhala incwadi ethi "Okwesine Eyiqiniso". Ngomthamo, kuyinto encane, kodwa ngokugcwele yanqamula Mandelstam nokwedelela abalobi noma yiliphi ithuba elivelayo, ababengamalungu eqembu le-Massolit. Kwaphela isikhathi eside e umphefumulo imbongi sika kopilas lokhu ubuhlungu. I "Okwesine Eyiqiniso" ukubeka umlingisi Mandelstam - isilwi, kuqhume, engacabanganga. Kulula kakhulu Osip okwenza njengoba izitha, akazange afihle izahlulelo zakhe kanye nokuqagula. Ngalesi Mandelstam njalo, cishe yonke iminyaka post-wamavukelambuso, waphoqeleka ukuba ziphile ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. wayesesangweni 1930 ilindele ngoba wayebona ukuthi usezokufa. Mandelstam abayithandayo ithalente yabangane bakhe wayengekho kakhulu, kodwa kwakusekhona.

ukuphila

Isimo mayelana nokuphila ngezindlela eziningi lembula isithombe sendoda ezifana Osip Mandelstam. Biography, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo ngaye, imbongi elihlobene ne maqondana layo ekhethekile kuye. Osip awuzange ezifaneleke ukuphila okunethezekile, ekuphileni. Ngaye, nomqondo endlini enezivikelo eziqinile, kwakubaluleke kakhulu, isibonelo, Bulgakov kwakungasho lutho lokho. Izwe lonke iyikhaya kuye, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo Mandelstam engenakhaya kuleli zwe.

Ekhumbula Osip ekuqaleni 1920, lapho efika ikamelo eNdlini Ubuciko e Petrograd (kanye nabanye abalobi abaningi futhi izimbongi), KI Chukovsky waphawula ukuthi kwakungekho lutho ukuthi ngabe kwakungekaNkulunkulu Mandelstam, ngaphandle ugwayi. Lapho ekugcineni imbongi got efulethini (ngo-1933), B. Pasternak, owayesesimweni ukuvakashelwa Wasesithi kokushiya, manje kungenzeka ukubhala izinkondlo - ifulethi khona. Osip babevela lokhu wathukuthela wagan 'unwabu. O. E. Mandelshtam, ogama biography kuphawulwa iziqephu eziningi intransigence, uqalekisiwe efulethini lakhe futhi aze simenze emuva nakulawo kwathiwa mhlawumbe okuhloswe: portrayer, amambuka ngokwethembeka. Kwakuwusuku Ukwesabeka kwakho kokwazi yokukhokha eyayidingeka kuye.

Sebenza "Moskovsky Komsomolets"

Wake wacabanga yini aqhubeka nendlela yawo yokuphila imbongi, njengoba Mandelstam? Biography zinsuku ezibekelwe ngokushelela wasondela-1930 ekuphileni kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi. Bukharin, umxhasi Osipa Emilevicha emibuthanweni uhulumeni, wahlela ke ekuqa- 1920-30-yalolucwaningo ephephandabeni "Moskovsky Komsomolets" umqondisi. Lokhu kwakwenza le imbongi nomkakhe okungenani izindlela ubuncane mihlangano. Kodwa Mandelstam benqaba ukwamukela "imithetho yalo mdlalo" abalobi Soviet owakhonza imodi. impulsiveness yakhe eyeqisayo emotionality nzima kakhulu ubudlelwane Mandelstam nontanga. Wayengumuntu ngaleso maphakathi scandal - imbongi wasolwa umqondo womunye kule nguqulo. Ukuze uvikele Osipa Emilevicha emiphumeleni nehlazo ngo-1930, Bukharin ihlelwe ukuvakashelwa imbongi ukuze Armenia, okuyinto kukhicite kwamthinta kakhulu, kodwa kuyabonakala emsebenzini wakhe. Amavesi entsha ngizwile ngokucacile kanye esingenathemba zokugcina ukwesaba yithemba eyindoda. Uma Mandelstam e temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba ezama ukweqa isiphepho esizohlasela, kodwa manje ekugcineni wathatha isabelo sakhe.

Ukuqaphela angabhekani nosizi lokukhulelwa Isiphelo sakhe

Yokuqwashisa nhlekelele ikusasa lakhe, choice yakhe kungenzeka ukuba kwaluqinisa Mandelstam wanikeza omangalisayo, bokubanga edabukisayo imisebenzi yakhe entsha. Ihlala kule ngxabano zobuntu mahhala umbhali nkondlo, "ekhulwini-yesilwane. ' Mandelstam azizwa isisulu dabukisa indoda kancane phambi kwakhe. Unomuzwa kulinganiswe nakho. Enkondlweni 1931 "Ngoba anamandla esiwumvuthwandaba leminyaka ukuza", okwakubizwa ngokuthi i emkhayeni "Wolf", Mandelstam futhi wabikezela kokudingiselwa uyeza eSiberia, futhi ngokufa kwakhe, nokungafi senkondlo. Okuningi imbongi waqaphela ngaphambili kunabanye.

inkondlo ngeshwa mayelana Stalin

Mandelstam Nadezhda Yakovlevna, umfelokazi Osipa Emilevicha, washiya yomyeni wakhe izincwadi ezimbili Umlando, othi ubuqhawe okuwumhlatshelo le mbongi. Ubuqotho Mandelstam ngokuvamile Umncele ukuzibulala. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-November 1933, nakhu akubhala Stalin inkondlo ngokucijile satirical, ofundeka kanje eziningi abangane bami, kuhlanganise uBoris Pasternak. Boris Leonidovich ukuthi bethuswa isiphetho imbongi yathi leyo nkondlo yakhe - hhayi umsebenzi wokubhala hhayi ukuthi ezinye Eqinisweni, njengoba "isenzo ukuzibulala," ukuvuma ukuthi akakwazi. Pasternak wameluleka ukuba ufunde kabanzi kulo msebenzi. Nokho, wayengeke aqhubeke Mandelstam buthule. Biography, amaqiniso athakazelisayo esingakazihlanzi ocashunwe nje, kusukela kulo mzuzwana iba edabukisayo ngempela.

Umusho Mandelstam, okumangalisayo iye yakhipha athambe kahle. Ngaleso sikhathi abantu bashonile kwathi abangaphezu "amaphutha" okuningi kakhulu. isinqumo kukaStalin funda kuphela: "Hlunga kodwa ukulondoloza". Mandelstam wathunyelwa ekudingisweni edolobhaneni esenyakatho Cherdyn. Lapha Osip, ohlushwa isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ngisho wafuna ukuzibulala. Abangane futhi wasiza. Kakade kokulahlekelwa ithonya Bukharin zokugcina wabhalela Iqabane Stalin, ukuthi izimbongi zihlale kwesokudla, ukuthi umlando ngasohlangothini lwabo. Ngemva kwalokho Osipa Emilevicha wayiswa Voronezh, ezimweni kancane ezinzima.

Yiqiniso, Isiphelo sakhe kokuvalelwa. Nokho, ngo-1933, kanzima kwakusho ukukhangisa inkondlo ekhuluma Stalin futhi Ngakho kwabonakala ufaneleka ukuba axazulule izikolo siqu nembongi. Futhi belungafica ngokuqinisekile abakufanelekeli Stalin, "ubaba wesizwe". Stalin wayazi ukuthi ukulinda. Wayazi ukuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kulokhu, ayelindele Elikhulu Terror ka-1937, lapho Mandelstam wayemiselwe kanye namakhulu ezinkulungwane zabanye abantu untraceable zinyamalale.

Iminyaka yokuphila e Voronezh

Voronezh uvikelekile Osipa Emilevicha, kodwa uvikelekile kuye nobunzima. Nokho, akuphelanga ukulwa ne yithemba, kancane kancane zize kuye, Osip Emilevich Mandelshtam. Umlando wakhe kwale minyaka buboniswa ngokuba nobunzima obuningi. Wayengenaso esebenzisa bezinga, ukuhlangabezana naye ngisindile, ukuthi yini edale Isiphelo sakhe. Mandelstam wokuba kwakhe lonke wazizwa njengoba qhebeza phezulu ne "ubudala yesilwane. ' A kuye ukuvakashelwa ekudingisweni Akhmatova wafakaza ukuthi ekamelweni lakhe yanjalo "emsebenzini muse siqu." Were amavesi engenakunqandeka safuna ukukhululwa. Umlando abonisa ukuthi Mandelstam owawugijimela efonini ukuholelwa bese kuba njalo ufunde lo mseshi, ngaleso sikhathi enamathiselwe, imisebenzi yabo entsha. Wathi akekho ukuze ufunde kabanzi. izinzwa Bare babe imbongi, izinkondlo, yena yanqamula ubuhlungu bakhe.

Voronezh kusukela ngo-1935 ukuze 1937, ezintathu "Voronezh-Notebook" zidaliwe. Kwaphela isikhathi eside le nqubo imisebenzi ungazange ashicilelwe. Ngokwezombangazwe abakwazi ngokuthi, kodwa waqonda njengoba inselele nasezinganeni izinkondlo "kokungathathi hlangothi" njengoba babenjalo izinkondlo, unganqandeki kanye nokweqisa. Futhi amandla akukanciphi kuyingozi, ngoba, ngokusho J. Brodsky, "unikina lonke indlela yokuphila," bangakhathali isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona nje.

Buyela inhlokodolobha

Ukuzizwa ukufa eduze benamandla izinkondlo eziningi kwalesi sikhathi, njengoba lonke imisebenzi Mandelstam 1930. Ithemu Voronezh izixhumanisi aphelelwe isikhathi ngo-May 1937. Ngonyaka Osip wachitha eduze eMoscow. Wayefuna ukuthola sokuhlala enhlokodolobha. Nokho, iphephabhuku i-abahleli ngalenqaba hhayi kuphela ukushicilela izinkondlo zakhe, kodwa futhi bakhulume naye. Poet isinxibi nje. Wathola usizo kulesi sikhathi, abangane nezihlobo bavuma: uBoris Pasternak, Shklovsky, V. Kataev, Ilya Ehrenburg, nakuba kwakudingeka isikhathi kanzima naye. Anna Akhmatova wabhala kamuva cishe ngonyaka ka-1938, kwaba "ezibhubhisayo" isikhathi.

Yokubopha, abalekele kwamanye amazwe futhi ukufa

It uhlala impela kancane ukukhuluma mayelana izimbongi ezifana Osip Mandelstam. Umlando Omfushane yakhe eziphawuleka ukuboshwa entsha, eyaqala Meyi 2, 1938. Wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu kanzima. Ngakho waya kuye eMpumalanga Ekude. Akazange abuyele kusuka lapho. Disemba 27, 1938 eduze Vladivostok, ekamu lomfula wesibili, imbongi imtholile ukufa.

Sithemba ukuthi sasifuna ukuqhubeka ajwayelane imbongi enkulu njengempi Mandelstam. Biography, izithombe, ngendlela yokudala - konke lokhu kwenza abanye umqondo walo. Nokho, kuphela waphendukela imisebenzi Mandelstam sika, ungakwazi ukuqonda lo muntu, bazizwa amandla zobuntu bakhe.