Likuphi esiqhingini Spitsbergen. Isiqhingi Svalbard ongumnikazi?

Isiqhingi Svalbard kubasalele kakhulu abaseRussia, uhlobo "Terra Incognita" - ezweni ezingakaze zifinyelelwe. Abanye abantu baze bakuthola kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo we ubuzwe zensimu. Abantu abaningi bazi kuphela Svalbard iseningizimu endaweni ethile ezingxenyeni ezikude zenyakatho, ngale kwe-Arctic Circle kanye Russian Federation has ke abanye ilungelo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuze uqhathanise kulesi siqhingi ne Kurils? Sizokwenza ukuchaza umbuzo ngezansi. Naphezu indawo "cishe ku-North Pole", zokuhambela Svalbard zithandwa kakhulu. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa on lapho ukuya ucezu polar komhlaba, lapho ukuhlala futhi yini ukubona, sizobe ukuchaza kulesi sihloko.

Likuphi esiqhingini Spitsbergen

Asiqale nge isichibiyelo encane. Iqiniso lokuthi kwencazelo "isiqhingi" maqondana Svalbard kuyoba ayilungile. Leli qoqo. Ihlala eyodwa nje bese indiza yehora kusukela North Pole. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi i-landscape ejwayelekile - engapheli ehlane seqhwa, Iqhwa, amabhere.

Ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo, ne endaweni ingqikithi ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha nanye amakhilomitha square, yakhiwa iziqhingi ezintathu ezinkulu, eziyisikhombisa amancane inqwaba ezincane kakhulu. akha Ngiqinisile kuphela ngobukhulu - West Spitsbergen (37,673 km ^2). Kukhona sezindiza eyodwa kuphela futhi inhloko-dolobha yesifunda, emzini Longyearbyen.

Ngaphandle-ke, i-West Spitsbergen kuba nemiphakathi: Barentsburg, Ny-Alesund, Grumant futhi Pyramid. Eminyakeni emibili manje washiywa. Kwezinye iziqhingi (North-East Land, Edge, uBarents, Mhlophe, Kongsøya, uWilhelm Svenskøya) abantu abangaphili angaphezu kweshumi nambili, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi kuphela ehlobo. Inani labantu base-lonke leli qoqo leziqhingi abantu esingaphansi yizinkulungwane ezintathu.

Isimo sezulu

Spitsbergen Isiqhingi itholakala e-Arctic Ocean phakathi 76 m kuya ku-80 degrees enyakatho nenkabazwe futhi 10 ° -32 ° longitude empumalanga. Nokho, leli lungiselelo akusho ukuthi lezi ziqhingi - ogwadule okuqinile Arctic. Ngenxa Shpitsbergskomu komfula (igatsha Gulf Stream) Sea ngasogwini neze eqina ngenxa yamakhaza. Isimo sezulu kuleli qoqo leziqhingi akuyona njengoba obukhulu njengoba kwezinye izindawo-latitude efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinga lokushisa isilinganiso ngoJanuwari lapha 11-15 ngaphansi kwezingaqhwa. kuphela +6 ° C elele Julayi thermometer.

Isizini izivakashi kukhona ezimbili: ngo-March kuya Kwangathi khona abalandeli kumnandi ebusika futhi ufuna ukujoyina nokhahlo polar ebusika. Bakhwele ezithuthuthwini, bayahlonishwa izibani enyakatho. Kusukela ngo-June kuya ku-August ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo wavakashelwa nezilaleli ezazihluke ngokuphelele. Izivakashi bajabulele usuku polar, ukugwedla isikebhe phakathi zeqhwa, ubukele namabhere. Kukhona labo ukubuka leli qoqo leziqhingi njengoba base ukuba sendleleni endleleni eya North Pole.

uhlobo

BaseNorway shayela esiqhingini Spitsbergen Svalbard, elisho "onqenqemeni ezineqhwa." A umDashi uBarents okuthiwa ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo ayikho izici zezulu, futhi impumuzo - ". Izintaba Ezicijile" In ulimi owathola le Kuzwakala kuyisixazululo Spitz-eBergen. Isiqongo eliphakeme Newton. Itholakala ku West Spitsbergen. ukuphakama kwalo akuyona likhulu kakhulu - 1712 amamitha, kodwa isikhundla ezindawo ka ezintabeni kwenza kube idwala eneqhwa.

By the way, izinguzunga zeqhwa ukumboza ezingaphezu kwesigamu endaweni yonke ziqhingi. Ngisho ehlobo ungathola iziqhingi zeqhwa. Coast seziqhingi bafa, amawa eziningi. Izimila esivamile nezimfunda. Ihlangana -birch yemifino, willow polar, ulele futhi wona. Okuvame kakhulu isilwane - the polar bear. Bahlala lapha njengoba impungushe Svalbard reindeer (the amancane azo zonke izinhlobo enyakatho). Izinyoni ikakhulukazi fly ngesikhathi ehlobo. Ebusika, kukhona intendele polar kuphela. Kodwa ulwandle azungeze ugu lweNyakatho Spitsbergen is agcwele izilwane zasendle ezihlukahlukene. Lapha kutholakala imikhomo, walruses, imikhomo Beluga nezimpawu.

indaba

Kungenzeka leli qoqo leziqhingi laqala kwatholakala amaViking ephakathi. Emibhalweni yaminyaka yonke 1194 okukhulunywe ohlangothini Svalbard. Cishe kusukela ekhulwini XVII, Spitsbergen siqhingi saba Pomerania ezaziwayo. Labo wambiza Grumant. Ukuze izwe ivule qoqo leziqhingi wamazwe Dutch uWilliam uBarents e 1596, nakuba cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo uvele siqhingi, wabiza amashadi izwe Saints Russian.

Kusukela uBarents kuchazwe ukuthi wazibona emanzini lendawo imikhomo emikhulu baphuthuma ogwini izikebhe eziningi zokudoba. Ngokushesha izimangalo zabo iziqhingi waqala ukubonisa Denmark nase-UK. Eminyakeni 60 ngekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, kukhona mikhankaso ezimbili zesayensi baye bavakashela, ihlelwe M. Lomonosov.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Russian ayakhelwe ikhona ngomzana, abanye ogwini-okuthile abantu basemadolobheni abangavamile ukuza lapha ehlobo for ukudoba. Lapho izilwane kuleli qoqo leziqhingi uhlala ongaphakeme ngalokujulile, isiqhingi ilahliwe for eyikhulu. A yokwanda ezintsha ezithakazelisayo e Svalbard sekukhona ekuqa- XIX-XX eminyaka, lapho isintu uzimisele ukufinyelela North Pole. Mahhala ice amanzi futhi ibe sesimweni sezulu kuqhathaniswa omnene yalesi siqhingi esetshenziswa uhambo Arctic. Svalbard isibe sokuqala Isizikithi.

Isiqhingi Svalbard: ongumnikazi?

Lapho lezi ziqhingi amalahle ezifakwa enamandla atholakele isithakazelo Lost Isles e-Arctic Circle waphinda kwaqina. Kodwa ngo-1920, umbuzo komhlaba ubunikazi Umbuso ekugcineni wanquma emhlabeni. In Paris ke sasayinwa okubizwa ngokuthi Spitsbergen Treaty, owawuthi ubukhosi eziqhingi suka Norway. Nokho, ngokuvumelana lesi sivumelwano, bonke abathintekayo esivumelwaneni (UK, US, France, Japan, Sweden, e-Italy, eNetherlands, futhi kamuva ngaphansi kweSoviet Union) agodliwe ilungelo ukuthuthukisa namaminerali.

Ingabe ngidinga i-visa uvakashele kuleli qoqo leziqhingi?

Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi akukho. Phela, kungakhathaliseki kabani esiqhingini Spitsbergen, izakhamuzi onke lawa mazwe-abasayinile amahhala ukuvakashela leli qoqo leziqhingi. Nokho, umkhuba, ukufinyelela ku-Svalbard ngokuqondile Russia akulula kangako. ngenkathi kuphela lapho ngezikhathi ezithile wathumela charter izindiza, izihlalo izindiza agodliwe kubacwaningi polar noma abasebenzi bakahulumeni. Ngakho-ke, izivakashi kufanele fly nge Oslo (izinkampani SAS futhi "Airlines Norwegian"). Lokhu kudinga eziningi Schengen visa ukungena Norway. Ungavakashela lezi ziqhingi futhi ngokuhamba cruise okunethezeka ku-mkhumbi, "Kapitan Khlebnikov".

ezokuvakasha

Iziphathimandla baseNorway baye refocused ngokushesha kakhulu umnotho kuleli qoqo leziqhingi e-nemibandela ngincipha labantu imikhomo amabhere ukuwa kwamanani amalahle emhlabeni. Manje wozawoza ku nakwezokuvakasha. isiqondiso entsha. Kuze kube manje, izivakashi izinkulungwane ezimbili kuphela ngonyaka uvakashele abandayo isiqhingi. Musa iqhaza entuthukweni yale umkhakha futhi intengo. Lapha konke kuyabiza: kusukela ehhotela (version elula umnotho izobiza i dollar angamakhulu ubusuku ngabunye) ngaphambi kokudla. Nokho, izivakashi abacebile lokhu akumvimbi. Ukwanda kuya zamaqhwa, ulwandle Rafting, inja ledding, ezimbiwa phansi ukubuthwa (eziqhingi kakhulu) - konke kufakwa uhlelo ayimpoqo.

Islands - duty-free ukuhweba zone. Ngenxa wakhe, inani labantu kuleli qoqo leziqhingi uhlala baseNorway acebile kulelivekati. Kusukela ayizisebenzi ivikelwe esiqhingini Spitsbergen. Umsebenzi ku amabhomu amaningi wayeka futhi iguqulwe ibe Museum. Musa ukuyeka ukukhiqizwa amalahle abavukuzi Russian kuphela. Nakuba lokhu ukukhiqizwa akuyona inzuzo futhi zixhaswe nguhulumende.

ukheshe scandal

Ngo-1993, uhlamvu lwemali esiyisikhumbuzo "Spitsbergen Isiqhingi" kubalwa yinkantolo eMoscow. It yabonisa polar bear kanye ibalazwe zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi. Njengoba imali kwakuyindlela eliqoshwe umbhalo othi "Russian Federation", Norway wathatha lokhu njengethuba kuhlaselwa insimu yalo. Umugqa zamanxusa sase sihlala kuphela uma imali kuthiwa bayishiya kwegazi. Ukuhlala ezandleni abaqoqi zemali zihamba phambili.