Leonid Kravchuk: Biography, izithombe kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo zokuphila

Kravchuk leonid Makarovich (owazalwa Januwari 10, 1934) is a sezombusazwe Ukraine futhi uMongameli wokuqala Ukraine, okuyinto eye yaba owaphatha kusukela ngo-December 5, 1991 kuze ukwesula kwakhe Julayi 19, 1994 wayebuye Usihlalo Verkhovna Rada kanye nesekela abantu Ukraine, abakhethwe Komphakathi party -demokraticheskoy Ukraine (united).

Isiphetho naseNtshonalanga ye-Ukraine - leonid Kravchuk lenkaba - phakathi nekhulu leminyaka eledlule

Lapho eqala umsebenzi wakhe, leonid Kravchuk? Biography waqala edolobhaneni layo elikhulu Zhitin esifundeni Rivne ku emkhayeni ompofu. Khona-ke kwaba emazweni Polish. Esikhathini Eminyakeni eyishumi emazweni azo endabuko Leni ezintathu amandla cool ishintshile. Okokuqala, ngo-September 1939 ngenxa umkhankaso wenkululeko iRed Army entshonalanga ye-Ukraine, kwathiwa lebhalwe Ukraine SSR. Khona-ke, ngo-July 1941 ezweni iminyaka emithathu ethumba eJalimane lobuNazi. Ekugcineni, ngo ekwindla 1944, lapha wabuyela amandla Soviet. Kodwa eziqhutshwa kuphela emini ebusuku emizaneni Western Ukrainian ezazingaphansi kwawo zikaHulumeni wobandlululo. Futhi lokhu waqhubeka iminyaka eminingana.

Cabanga indlela Yize sekwenze konke loko zazibonakala uhlamvu zabantu bendawo, ikakhulukazi esizukulwaneni esisha? Ukuze sisinde ezimweni ezinjena, kwadingeka sifunde ukufihla imicabango yabo, ukucabanga into eyodwa bese uthi omunye, ukwethemba akekho, lutho ukuba bakholwe. Futhi ngakho-ke kwakhiwa sonke isizukulwane post-yimpi Western intsha Ukrainian, ayekulo, futhi leonid Kravchuk.

ebuntwaneni

Izindaba zempi ngokucijile abathintekayo isiphetho umndeni iqhawe lethu futhi yena. Ubaba Lenny Makar Kravchuk, ababekade eligadulayo abakhwele amahhashi isikhulu Polish Army futhi yesisebenzi wasePoland ohlala e-bamakoloni, ngabuthelwa Red Army ngo-1944 futhi, ngesikhathi esifushane ukwenza ezinye ukulwa ngawo lowo nyaka, wabeka ikhanda lakhe Belarus.

Umama weza emuva oshadile futhi kanye usingayise wakhe wakwazi sikhule leonid. Babehlala ubumpofu, yena leonid Kravchuk wakhumbula ukuthi ukuhamba eshaya ngoCetshwayo kuze iqhwa lokuqala. Nokho, nokuswela kuphela okuhambisana ubunjalo owayezoba umongameli.

kweminyaka eminingi yocwaningo

Ngemva kokuphothula umatikuletsheni, leonid Kravchuk, sathuthela edolobheni futhi iya Rivne ngokuBambisana College. Ngokusho kwakhe, kanye abafundi nabo, wayeshesha laqasha ikamelo kungekho Izinsiza. Khona-ke ngo-1953, ngemva kokuthola iziqu ekolishi nge-honours, ufanelwe ukungena ngaphandle nokuhlolisiswa Kiev State University Faculty of Economics.

Isifundo khona Kwakungelula, umfundaze kwaba ruble 24 (Nokho kanye kwasemini endaweni yokudlela umfundi abiza amasenti 50!). Ukuze bazigcine bephila, ebusuku abafundi baya ethula izimoto izinhlanzi eqandisiwe at inhlanzi processing plant etholakala eduze. Umongameli esizayo, leonid Kravchuk, ekamurweni ehostela abantu 12, kodwa wakwazi ukufunda kusuka "lemihle kakhulu" futhi uthola i yesibonelelo anda - ruble 30 kakade.

Kuphela umhlangano esaphila

Le nyuvesi leonid wahlangana nenkosikazi yakhe yesikhathi esizayo. Beautiful sumchanka ukwenzela ukungena okuncane kakhulu Tonya tinsel ngokushesha polonium inhliziyo yakhe. Babefanele eziningi esifana ngazo, kokubili bakhula engenabo obaba, waphothula ekolishi nge esidumisa futhi wangena inyuvesi ngaphandle luhlolo. Tonya naye wenza okufanayo ngokubonisa leonid, enkambweni wokuqala waqala ukunakekela kwakhe, ekhishini besitshudeni abepheke amabili, futhi leonid wazama ukuthola perk, lapho kukhonakala khona, ukugcwala isabelomali sabo.

Izwe sekuqalile izinguquko ezinkulu, futhi babamba emfudlaneni Kiev abafundi. Lapho waqala ukuthuthukiswa kwamazwe intombi, le leonid futhi Tonya emva Yiqiniso lwesithathu waya Kostanai oblast Kazakhstan, lapho eseqedile njengoba umshayeli ugandaganda, nilala phakathi kwezilenge abandayo kuze ekupheleni kwekwindla. Lapha leonid abandayo, kanzima ukuze ngaquleka futhi ngacishe ngafa. Tonya wamsindisa, owathola imoto wathatha ozithandayo esibhedlela, lapho wasinda. Ngemva kokubuya ezweni intombi leonid futhi Tonya babeshadile. Umshado wabo kudlulela kulesi sikhathi samanje.

umsebenzi wokuqala

Ngo-1958, Kravchuk leonid Makarovich iziqu KSU futhi yasakazwa Chernivtsi, lapho ufunda wezomnotho kwezombangazwe ekolishi zezimali.

Izimo zokuphila ezingezinhle futhi bezingelwa leonid njengoba amashwa. Simbeka ehostela labesifazane, khona kanye "ekhoneni elibomvu". Kulabo usemncane futhi abazi ukuthi kuyini, chaza. Ngakho izikhungo Soviet ngokuthi ekhethekile (okungezona zokuhlala) nezindawo, ehlotshiswe izimpawu Soviet (a ngokudayisa ka Lenin, banner (uma kwaba), izitifiketi ahlukahlukene, pennants nezinye izimfanelo yokuphila WaseSoviet). Ngenxa ikakhulukazi ngeke lusebenze e echibini yabesifazane noma yangasese, uthisha osemusha wayezimisele ekuseni njalo ebusuku ukuze ugijime edolobheni isikwele a lwegumbi zomphakathi ukugeza, aphuce, nokugubha isidingo yemvelo. Fun? Vele amahlaya best. Kodwa leonid wakhuthazela kule ukuhlukunyezwa iminyaka emithathu.

umsebenzi party

Ekugcineni, ngo-1960, i-Economist sezepolitiki waphawula enhlanganweni lwamaqembu endawo futhi wayiswa consultant Indlu Semfundo Yezombangazwe kanye instructor. Lokhu kwalandelwa ukudluliswa unit we Chernivtsi Regional iKomiti LamaKhomanisi. Lapha hero wethu wenza iphathi career phezu 7 iminyaka, ngivuka esikhundleni sokuba induna uMnyango lesifunda ekomidini party inkulumo-ze.

Eceleni indlela evamile zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa isisebenzi party ezinkulu. Okokuqala kweminyaka emithathu iziqu ezifundweni at the Academy of Social Sciences ngaphansi CPSU Central Committee, bese nesishiyagalombili iminyaka yokwenyuka kancane kancane ngokusebenzisa kwababusi iKomiti Central LamaKhomanisi kuze kwenhloko yomnyango ze leKomiti Central ke kwenhloko yomnyango nemibono. Kravchuk waba ngunobhala leKomiti Central futhi emakhasini cindezela Ukrainian ngokuthi ukuze kulondolozwe Ukraine e-USSR. Isiqongo party yakhe umsebenzi - ubulungu in the Politburo futhi okuthunyelwe uNobhala we iCommunist Party of Ukraine lesibili.

Njengoba Kravchuk baba usihlalo Verkhovna Rada

Lapho esethathe umhlalaphansi ngo-1989, umngane uBrezhnev uVladimir Shcherbytskyi Ukrainian Communist Party eholwa ongowokuzalwa Poltava uVladimir Iwashko owenza umsebenzi party Kharkiv esifundeni. Ngo-1990, e-Ukraine labetibambile ukhetho ePhalamende. Iwashko wakhethwa isekela Kiev. Njengoba iningi zamaphini bangamaKhomanisi, ke kungokwemvelo ukuthi Usihlalo ePhalamende ngo-June 1990, baphinde bakhethwe inhloko yaleli qembu, okusho ukuthi, Iwashko. Ngemva kwalokho, ngo-umoya isikhathi, bakhetha ikhanda entsha iCommunist Party of S. Hurenko ngakho ukuthi inhloko yawo ePhalamende futhi ehola amabutho zezombusazwe wayengeyena umuntu ofanayo.

A iphini kusukela Communist Party, wakhethwa Kravchuk futhi leonid Kravchuk. Umlando wakhe wayengeke kahle ngeke agcwaliswa ngamanye zenzakalo ezimangalisayo, uma Iwashko ngaleyo nyanga akenzanga ubuwula ebulalayo, neqhaza ekunqumeni ekuphileni kwakhe futhi ikusasa hero yethu. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngesikhathi uMongameli wase-USSR uMikhail Gorbachev, futhi lihambisana, futhi unobhala jikelele we-All-Union neQembu LamaKhomanisi, ngifuna indlela ukuqeda imisebenzi yabo party, abafisa phambi kwabaholi Western (lowo obala cringed) kuphela ngesimo isimo, hhayi lamaKhomanisi umholi. Ngakho necebo esimeni esisha party - lokuqala elifike uNobhala Jikelele - futhi wamema Iwashko wakhe ngayo ithemba ocacile wokuba ongunobhala jikelele esilandelayo isihloko party ukuba ukuqedwa we hegemony zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa. Iwashko ngokucacile hhayi "prointuichil", esizolokhu izingozi kuqokwa, wenqaba Verkhovna Rada Usihlalo ukuthumela washiywa eMoscow.

isenzo sakhe kwaqubula ukucasula amasekela. UNobhala Okokuqala Ukraine Communist Party Hurenko alethwe okuthunyelwe singenamuntu uNobhala leKomiti Central LamaKhomanisi Ukraine Kravchuk yesibili. sibalo waso kwakuyindishi ngokucacile ukusilela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wayeyisisebenzi yangaphandle amasekela obuphathekayo pro-lamaKhomanisi abanomqondo ovulekile, ngakolunye uhlangothi - zabomdabu Ukraine esentshonalanga,, ngokuvumelana amasekela ka yobuzwe, kwaba isiqinisekiso uzibuse kusukela kuzinqubomgomo eMoscow. Yiqiniso phezu ukuzimela isimo Ukraine uma kwakungekho muntu owakhuluma ngokuzwakalayo.

Julayi 23, 1990 Kravchuk baba usihlalo of the Supreme Soviet Ukraine SSR, okusho ukuthi ikhanda okuzisholo weRiphabhulikhi.

Usihlalo ephalamende - kamongameli

Ubani manje ukhumbula isikhathi esinzima ngemva zonke vicissitudes ka engu-25 edlule? Khona-ke, nge nokufakwa Gorbachev ngenkuthalo okuxoxwe umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi sivumelwano esisha inyunyana phakathi republic ehlanganisa eSoviet Union. Abasekeli balobu indlela wenziwa kanye Kravchuk njengoba kuqhathaniswa umholi ubuzwe V Chornovil, umholi we ukunyakaza "Abantu iMovement", okuyinto obala ngokuthi indlela elula yokuphuma emshadweni we-Ukraine ngaphansi kweSoviet Union.

Ngisho nangemva kokuba ekuthatheni izintambo kuleli zwe kusukela Icebo lika Icebo lika ngo-August 1991, waqhubeka ukubiza ukuhambisana ngaphansi iziphathimandla federal Central. Ngakho, emhlanganweni Verkhovna Rada-August 19 Kravchuk wathi: "E-Ukraine, izwe liphathwe ibutho lezempi kangenanga. Ngakho, siyaqhubeka ukwenza imisebenzi yabo evamile ngendlela efanayo. "

Kwaba ngo-August 24, lapho amalungu eKomiti eziphuthumayo wayesevele ejele lapho uMongameli Soviet uMikhail Gorbachev, ekhuluma zamaphini woMkhandlu Ephakeme, waba sihlaziswa kubo esidlangalaleni Boris Yeltsin phezu yesikhulumi ngakwesokudla umhlangano ofanayo, ngemvume isimemezelo esivala LamaKhomanisi kuphela - kuphela ubuholi Verkhovna Rada, eliholwa Kravchuk ngaphansi kwengcindezi kunazo zamaphini waya ukuba baphume kulelo hholo ukuze uvote Simemetelo ubukhosi isimo Ukraine, okuyinto sivunyiwe.

Ngokushesha Ukrainian uMthethosisekelo satjhugululwa ukudala okuthunyelwe kaMengameli yayo. Kravchuk unikwe amandla kamongameli, futhi ngaleyondlela eba de empeleni waba futhi de jure inhloko yezwe. Ngawo lowo nyaka, Disemba 5, 1991, abavoti ngokusemthethweni akhethwa uMongameli Ukraine ukhetho lokuqala kamongameli lapho wanqoba Vyacheslav Chornovil ezinamazwi ukonga kobungane nobudlelwane nge Russia, kanye kulondolozwe indlela eyodwa kazwelonke kwezomnotho esikhaleni post-Soviet.

Kravchuk likaMengameli

iziqubulo Ngeshwa akekho kubo wamemezela ngaphambi kokhetho, engazange ugcwalisekile. Nakuba Kravchuk futhi yasayina isivumelwano ku ukudalwa CIS, kodwa wenza konke ukuze Verkhovna Rada akazange yenza Statute yayo. karbovanets - Ngo-January 1992, uhlobo lwemali entsha Ukrainian yethulwa. Lokhu kwabangela ikhefu yemvelo ubudlelwane bezomnotho nabalingani wamabhizinisi Ukraine eSoviet Union, ngakho izwe umboze real isiphepho inflation, esikhathini esiyiminyaka emithathu ezayo. Uma ekupheleni 1991 "SKB design ezishintshayo" abaholayo unjiniyela iholo (laseDnepropetrovsk) kwaba ruble Soviet mayelana 200, ngo-1994 e-post ka CMC "Yuzhvetroenergomash" Uchwepheshe abakhulu, cishe kwakuyihora 2 million. Karbovancev cishe amandla afanayo ukuthenga, okungukuthi, .e. supply imali kuleli zwe liye landa ngamaphesenti izikhathi okungenani 10,000.

Enterprises bakamalalahlengezela avalwe kahle, Emigwaqweni yasemadolobheni Ukrainian seziye zaphenduka Ezimakethe zase esikhashana lapho abantu babezama abathengiswa yini pittance izimpahla zabo futhi zasendlini. Kusukela ekhaya emakethe futhi emuva izakhamuzi ukuletha izimpahla ezinqoleni ezinamasondo ukuthi abantu uzifanekisela christened "kravchuchkami". Leli zwe ngokushesha waligingqa kwalasha. Kulezi zimo, elite Ukrainian usephendukele nomkhawulo emandleni uMongameli ePhalamende, edlulisa amandla eside undunankulu, kuhlanganise nelungelo ukukhipha izinqumo eyayintula amandla umthetho. isikhonzi Ngakho onguMninimandla onke prime kwaba leonid Kuchma. Yiqiniso, ukuthi phakathi kwakhe kuMongameli ukushayisana, okuholele prime ngokusula kwesokuba ngasekupheleni kuka-1993, futhi ngaleso sikhathi, ngokusekelwa elite empumalanga ye-Ukraine, ukwenze ngaphambi kokhetho lwango-okungavamile omongameli kwalokho egqilazwe leonid Kravchuk. Photo kwesikhathi yakhe likaMengameli lingenelele kukhonjisiwe ngezansi.

I-portrait zezombusazwe zalo leonid Kravchuk

Uma ku-TV kusanda kubulawa Kiev umbhali nentatheli Oles Buzina Kravchuk ibuza ukuthi ingazi kanjani, a ideologist nalowo owabe eyinhloko LamaKhomanisi, owaziwa ngokuba ukulwa Abashisekeli bezwe lase-Ukraine ongathi namuhla Zisizwa zezombusazwe ngisho umlandeli. Ngaleso leonid Makarovich, "sumnyashesya uyize" waphendula: "Znaєte scho? Dumka yakhe mіnyaє hhayi abo ezimbi, Abo efile. Ngingumfana Akuwona i ungalilahli eziningi Okunye ".

Ngokusho logic of Kravchuk, wonke umuntu akazange ukulahla izinkolelo zabo, ngisho ukukhokha ngabo ezimpilweni zabo, siyiziwula. Kuyo yonke yakhe ende ukuphila kwawo ngokuqondene nezombusazwe wabuye wajika, ukushintsha isimo sokuma kwezepolitiki. Ekupheleni kuka-2004, izingxoxo Yushchenko, wasekela Yanukovych (ngoba ngalo, ngasendleleni, waba ophucwa isihloko Honorary Doctor we Kiev-Mohyla Academy), khona-ke kokhetho lwango-2009 waba isifuba ka Yulia Tymoshenko, oyimbangi efanayo Yanukovych.

Kancane kancane, isimo sakhe isiba kwesokudla bayanda kakhulu impela nje, ukuthuthela eduze ukubukwa ngobuqotho Russophobia. Ngakho, ngesikhathi sokugcina wafika iphuzu lokuthi Ukraine kufanele ukwehlukanisa Donbass ukuze kuvinjelwe umthelela elimazayo isizwe Ukraine. Lena yindlela kwaba commissar zangaphambilini zezombusazwe Ukraine Communist Party, a eyiqaphuqaphu somlilo, owanibizela kusukela Beqondiswa imikhandlu okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuze nemave yesigaba sabasebenzi nobuzalwane lezizwe, futhi manje de empeleni waba inqubomgomo ukuhlukaniswa ngezizathu zezombangazwe kanye kazwelonke.

Kravchuk sengqondo kubantu

Kafushane, iqhawe lethu akathandi abantu. Lokhu kusebenza elite and abantu abavamile. Njengoba into yomntakabani, kuba isibonelo okunothando kakhulu nalesi simo wanika uVladimir LITVIN, ngubani eminyakeni embalwa edlule, lapho ineminyaka engu-Usihlalo Verkhovna Rada wabo, kwelinye izinkulumo zakhe kumabonakude Kravchuk elibizwa "lobunikazi professional isifebe zezombusazwe."

Uphawu lokuqala Ukrainian Maidan 2004 ugogo Paraska Koroljuk amthethise esidlangalaleni Kravchuk ngisho wazama ukuqinisekisa isimo sabo sengqondo kuso isinyathelo, ngakho waphoqeleka ukuba umhlalaphansi wakhe ngaphansi kwesivikelo impilo. Kuyinto ingxenye ubuhlobo zabantu abavamile.

Kodwa leonid Makarovich buyaqhubeka darling yezindaba, ke kuyingxenye esisemqoka kwimidlalo eziningi TV, uyaqhubeka ahlale phezu izinkundla KaHulumeni eziningi setha izinhlangano zomphakathi, ngamanye amagama - kuyinto emehlweni ngesi-Ukraine coterie zezombusazwe.

Enye inkinga kugcizelelwa ukunakekela umuntu wakhe - okungukuthi, ongudokotela yobuhlanga Kravchuk leonid Makarovich? Igama lakhe langempela ngokusho kwezinye izincwadi, imithombo, akusiyo Kravchuk, futhi Blum, t. E. Kusolakala ukuthi ungumJuda. Kodwa lezi idatha engabazekayo kakhulu. igama Real leonid Kravchuk, okungenzeka kakhulu, umuntu emhlabeni wonke ngawo waziwa.