Juan Carlos I: izithombe, biography kanye lwamakhosi

Juan Carlos I de Borbón - King of Spain, owaba okuqinisekile. Ukubusa kwakhe kweminyaka eyathatha cishe engamashumi amane, ngesikhathi lapho live letfu libe ubushiqela of izigodi kakhulu kusimo yesimanje yeningi. Akubona bonke yahamba ngokushelela futhi kancane kancane, emahlombe abasha inkosi-Democrat zaziphonswa kobunzima, okuyinto yagcwala sphere zezombangazwe nezenhlalo umbuso waseSpain.

Umlando lwamakhosi

Juan Carlos I eyilungu lwamakhosi elibusayo we Bourbons. Lokhu uhlanga elisuka France, kanye nommeleli wayo wokuqala Spain kwaba Korol filipp V, ogama ukubusa kwenzeke emuva 1700. Habsburg lwamakhosi, iyona enamandla kunazo ngesikhathi, ezwekazini laseYurophu wesabela ukuthi ubuqhawe izoya ezandleni Bourbons, kusukela manje ukulawula imibuso emibili enkulu eFrance naseSpain. Ngemva kwalokhu, Impi Ye Succession Spanish, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho iNkosi zaseSpain akuvumelekile ezothatha umqhele isiFulentshi, yena kwathiwa umbusi esisemthethweni Spain kuphela.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-100 lwamakhosi lanqotshwa uNapoleon, kodwa amandla abo kwabuyiselwa 1814. Eminyakeni 1871-1873 sobukhosi wahola Indlu Savoy, kodwa kusuka 1874 kuze 1931 I Bourbons base bebuyele emsebenzini, "oshayelayo". Ngemuva kokhetho, amandla wayiswa Kwesokunxele Republican, futhi ngenxa yalokho lwezinsuku ezimbalwa engapheli imiboniso, u-Alfonso XI Elikhulu balifulathela lelo zwe, waya ekudingisweni e-Italy. Bourbon kwaba kuzenzakalele savuka ngo-1975, lapho isihlalo sobukhosi lutho of Spain wathatha esisha iKing Juan Carlos 1.

Ebuntwaneni futhi intsha

Inkosi esizayo wazalelwa emndenini indlalifa ngqo sobukhosi Spanish, uDon Juan Carlos, Bala Barcelona Januwari 5, 1938, lapho nomkhaya wakhe ekudingisweni. Ngokuthakazelisayo, wavumelana wabhapathizwa E. Pacelli, owaba konyaka uPapa enegama Pius XII.

Ngo-1947, e-Spain kwakukhona inhlolovo lapho 95% abavoti bavotele resumption zedivayisi monarchical, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, uJenene Franco wahlala ibamba isikhathi ekuphileni. umthethosivivinywa ngasondelana up, okuyinto, njengoba kulindeleke, awuzange kuboniswa igama yinkosi yesikhathi esizayo. Into wukuthi yindlalifa ngqo ka-Alfonso XI indodana yakhe uJuan de Borbon, owayeyilungu abaphikisi umsekeli oqinile umashiqela Franco, ngisho nengxenye esizeni akuphumelelanga ngokumelene naye. Ngakho-ke, kulesi indima, wakhethwa nendodana yakhe eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, Juan Carlos (ingane yokuqala leduna umndeni).

imfundo

Ngonyaka olandelayo, indlalifa esizayo sobukhosi wamenywa eSpain, lapho eqala ukuba baqeqeshwe esikoleni lempi Zaragoza. Ngaphambi 1958, wafunda edolobheni marina seamanship, okwathi ngemva kwalokho ngaqhubeka ngikhonza e-Air Force of Spain. Waqeda imfundo yakhe ngesikhathi ehlonishwa Complutense University, okuyinto eseqedile kuphela ngo-1961. Profiled steel izihloko wezifundo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho kanye nomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngemva kwalokho, waqala ukuqondisa umsebenzi zezombusazwe futhi waqala bahlanganyele emisebenzini esemthethweni isimo.

ngokudala umndeni

ukuphila engu-24 Juan Carlos nganquma tie izibopho zomkhaya. ekukhetheni kwaKhe kwaba iPrincess UZandile yaseGrisi esekudingisweni, uyindodakazi ayeyizibulo leNkosi uPawulu I. Umshado ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele amakhanda May 14, 1962 e-inhloko-dolobha yaseGreece - Athens. Lokhu kwalandelwa kukankosikazi, ngemva kwalokho lo mbhangqwana wahlala esigodlweni NGANGINGUMCULI NOMDLALI e Madrid, uhlala yokuhlala zabo ezinsukwini zethu. Ngemva konyaka babenesifiso indodakazi Elena, ngemva kweminyaka emibili - indodakazi Christina futhi Sofia ngo-1968 wabeletha indodana yakhe noFiliphu, indlalifa esizayo okwakufanele abe inkosi. Okwamanje iNkosi yangaphambili Spain, uJuan Carlos Sofia sikhule 5 abazukulu.

I indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi Spanish

UJenene Franco yamemezela umlandeli wakhe Juan kuphela ngo-1969, okuyinto savusa intukuthelo enkulu kayise - Count Barcelona. Umashiqela ayikwazanga ukushiya umqhele "ubani nje", ngakho-ke lokhu ukukhetha wasondela ngokucophelela futhi wabona Juan owalandela ibhizinisi, ikakhulukazi ngoba ekhethwe izenzo zabo kwabonisa ukuthi wayesekulungele ukulandela indlela Franco. Wadlala indima "umfana omuhle" futhi umfundi ngisho Bafunga "National Movement" futhi ukhulumile nozime kaFranco.

Ehlobo lika-1974 Franco esimisiwe Juan iBamba ikhanda yezwe. Ngo-November walowo nyaka olandelayo, ngemva kokufa uJenene Franco, iphalamende yamemezela ukubuyiselwa yokubusa kwamakhosi, le nkosi kwathiwa Juan Carlos I de Borbón. Photo wokugcotshwa yinkosi esikhundleni eminyakeni engaphezu kuka amathathu, lalingenalutho sobukhosi Spanish for iningi labantu - imemori lomcimbi eside elindelwe ezalandela ngenkathi umashiqela Franco.

Ukuguqulwa lokuqala lwentando yeningi

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi, le nkosi entsha akazange ufisa landelani inkambo yokungenisa Franco futhi ngokushesha wabe izinguquko ezinkulu yonke isimo kulandzelana nekuhlunga tinsita. Wamiswa esikhundleni sokuba undunankulu Adolfo Suarez sezombusazwe obhekana nazo. Umsebenzi main kwaba bushelelezi futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, inguquko esisemthethweni embusweni wentando yeningi. Ekwindla ka-1976 kwadalwa le "uMthetho ku izinguquko kwezombusazwe," kwaba ayemiselwe ukuba abe namandla zenguquko elidala isimo idokhumenti zomthetho.

Ngo-1977, yonke imikhawulo imisebenzi amaqembu aphikisayo yasuswa. Ehlobo ngalowo nyaka, lwalumumethe okunye ukhetho zayo zokuqala ePhalamende, kanye autumn kwaphawulwa izinguquko isakhiwo indawo yezwe kusuka ebumbeneko a federal: zadalwa ezizimele Basque Country futhi Catalonia. 1978 kwaphawulwa ukwamukelwa uMthethosisekelo omusha wentando yeningi, futhi entwasahlobo ka-1979, ekuqaleni kuka ukhetho ePhalamende ngaphansi umthethosisekelo yayiqhutshelwa khona.

ukuguqulwa Democratic, esiqhutshwa Juan Carlos I, kwaphoqa uyise bakwemukele imisebenzi yayo futhi aqaphele indodana esisemthethweni inhloko yezwe. Futhi ngo-1978, Ukubala Barcelona waphumula. amakhosi amaningi isinqumo European, kuze kube yileso sikhathi akazange aqaphele iNkosi Juan Carlos, bamazi njengoba igunya elimiswe ngokufanele sobukhosi iSpanishi, kodwa ezweni lonkana zazisekhona amabutho ukuthi bafuna ukubuyela endleleni umashiqela Franco, base Abashisekeli bezwe futhi kwezempi.

"Kayiphile inkosi!"

On the 6th, uhulumeni omusha ngo-1981, ngokwesilinganiso, kwakubikwa umzamo wokuketula umbuso ngaphandle kwegazi. izikhulu Radical bagqekeza ephalamende, uhulumeni wasebenzisa lelo amalungu kanye namasekela kusukela imfuneko lokuqoka esikhundleni sokuba undunankulu jikelele "lakhe." Nokho, inkosi akuyona buthule njengoba okwakulindelwe kuye, wathi ukuphikiswa abukhali. Lezo zihlubuki zazishaye phansi ungakakulungeli ke futhi ekuseni baphoqeleka ukuba bazinikele iziphathimandla.

Juan ukuthembeka anda ngaleyo ndlela kakhulu, ngisho phakathi kwesokunxele-wing Republican nezinye oppositionists. Kwaba ngemva izenzakalo 1981, umholi Communist S. Carrillo, ngaphambi ukukhuluma nenkosi kuphela emomotheka bhinqa ngobuso wababaza ukuvutha imizwelo phambi amakhamera: "Kayiphile inkosi!".

Juan Carlos 1 kubhekwe ukuthi ukuthunywa okuvela Spain yeningi kwenziwa. Khona-ke wanquma umhlalaphansi kokungenela zezombusazwe asebenzayo ezindabeni isimo, kulapho ngakho ezinsukwini ezizayo ukhetho ePhalamende ngo-1982 iningi lamavoti kwaphonswa esivuna Social Democrats. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye wenziwa umsebenzi inhloko ngokulinganisa of state, ophethe udumo zokuziphatha futhi isithunzi ongumvikeli isimo futhi abantu, sakhonza sokuba uMkhuzi.

Amahlazo zeminyaka yamuva

Ngo-2012, it sekuqala amahlazo ezihilela umkhaya wasebukhosini. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwaba nenkinga kwezomnotho eSpain elibala. Nokho, lokhu akuzange kuwumise ukuzijabulisa. Juan Carlos ngaya Botswana ngenjongo ukuzingela izindlovu. Ngokusho izibalo izinkampani kwezibalo, liye wachitha emhlabeni 44 million euros. Lolu lwazi kubange ukucasuka abukhali sabantu, ezinye izishoshovu abhikisha emigwaqweni Madrid wagxeka imfucuza kakhulu ezikhathini ezinzima zomnotho.

Ngawo lowo nyaka waqala uphenyo ngamacala ukukhwabanisa nenkohlakalo. Wamangalelwa angezwa ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi, bese yena Infanta UCristina nomyeni wakhe, Iñaki Urdangarin VI. amacala loluhlelekile senenziwe ngokumelene nalo kuphela ngo-2014. Ngemva kwalokhu scandal, inkosi yaphoqeka ukushicilela isimemezelo namarisidi. Ngokusho kwakhe, ngo-2011, imali yonyaka ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi kwaba abangaba yizigidi ezingu-293-euro, 40% okuyinto sakhokhwa isabelomali isimo ngesimo sentela.

Demise

Iminyaka yokugcina yokubusa kwakhe, akuseyona abasha Juan Carlos 1 (lwamakhosi Bourbon lapho elulama yazuza abe luhlaza yeningi) akhononda impilo yakhe. Umphumela lokhu kwaba renunciation yakhe ngokuzithandela. Juni 18, 2014 kwaba usuku lokugcina, lapho inkosi yokubusa kwamakhosi Spanish kwaba H. Carlos. Iziphathimandla ofuna ayinikeze kuye isihloko Ukubala Barcelona, kodwa omele Bourbons wanquma ukuthi ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi wayengafuni ukuba noma isiphi isiqu kanye nje Juan Carlos, ngaphandle "Nkosi" noma "HH". Ngosuku olulandelayo, Juni 19, 2014 eSpain, wangena amalungelo abo angokomthetho inkosi entsha, indodana Juan Carlos - uFelipe.

Njengoba kufakazelwa ofakazi kanye ikhamera ngesikhathi abdication kobuso benkosi kwakhanya nge injabulo. Juan Carlos Ngangazi kahle ukuthi akwenzela ezweni lenkaba yakhe eningi: liye ngilunge uhlelo lukahulumeni kusukela wobushiqela wezempi yeningi, ngokuya kwezomnotho, Spain uye ishintsha kusukela nezokulima a ukuthuthukiswa zobuchwepheshe impucuko European. Wahamba endleleni okuhle kanye nentando yeningi, kodwa asesabi ikhafula, lapho kwadingeka ngo-1981. Waphumelela babuyisane izitha bangi - bangamakhomanisi futhi Franco. Futhi emva kweminyaka 39 yenkonzo ukuze kuzuze ezweni lisahambile ngeholide ngaphandle izikweletu ezweni.