Iyini imali? Imali YeRussia. Imali yedola

Igama lesi-Italian elithi "imali" ngesiRussia lafika phakathi nekhulu le-XVIII. Ekuqaleni kwakusho ukuthi "ukukhokhwa kumthethosivivinywa", kodwa kakade phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX wathola incazelo entsha - "uhlelo lwemali lombuso, oluvikelwe ngegolide." Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ukuthi yimali.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ama-banknotes, izinhlamvu zemali, amanothi e-treasury, okuyinto ithenda yezomthetho futhi isisekelo sesistimu yezimali kahulumeni, abizwa ngokuthi imali. Ngolwazi lwesimanje, leli gama lisetshenziswa kakhulu njengemali yombuso wangaphandle. Ukuhlukanisa le mibono emibili, le ncazelo elandelayo isetshenziswa:

• Imali yemali evaliwe ngaphakathi kombuso owodwa;
• I-convertible ingashintshaniswa ngezingxenye zemali zenye izwe.

Izinhlobo zemali

Ezweni ngalinye kunezinyunyana zezimali zezwe nezangaphandle . Imali yaseRussia - ama-ruble ase-circulation, ihoxiswe ekujikelezeni, izimali kuma-akhawunti anamabhange aseRussia Federation nakwamanye amazwe, ahlonishwa njengendlela yokukhokha. Imali yesizwe isetshenziselwa ukuhlala ekhaya, kuyilapho imali yangaphandle isetshenziselwa ukukhokhelwa kwamazwe ngamazwe. Esesibili yimali ehamba mahhala noma ehoxiswa kuyo, kodwa iyindlela yokukhokha ezweni langaphandle noma iqembu lamazwe. Ngokuthengiselana ngamazwe, ukushintshaniswa kwemali kuyadingeka ngokususelwa kwisilinganiso esimisiwe. Lena yintengo yemali eyodwa, echazwe ngamayunithi emali wesinye isimo. Izinga lihlelwe ngokusekelwe ekunikezeni nasekudingeni emakethe yokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe. Izimpahla ezikuyo ziyizimboni zemali: ama-ruble, ama-dollar, yen nokunye okunjalo. Izinga lokushintshaniswa kwezimali zikazwelonke nezangaphandle zihlukahluka ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ukwehla kokubaluleka kwemali yasekhaya kuholela ekwehliseni izindleko zokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokwanda kwezindleko zokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.

Ukusimama kwezifundo

Ngokwesilinganiso sokuzinza, lezi zifundo zihlukaniswe zaba namandla futhi zibuthakathaka. Imali eyinkimbinkimbi inikezwa ngesitoreji segolide, sinamathele ekubalukeni kwamanye amayunithi emali. Ngokweqinile, intengo yemakethe idlula inani lokubiza. Imali engalungile ingaphansi kokumelana namazinga okushintshaniswa kwamayunithi angamanye amazwe. Isilinganiso saso semakethe singaphansi kwesigaba. Imali efanayo ekusebenzeni inamandla futhi ibuthakathaka isihlobo sezimali zamazwe ahlukene.

Izinga elisemthethweni zezimali zakwamanye amazwe ku-ruble zibekwe yiBhange Elikhulu njalo ngosuku lokusebenza. Baqala ukusebenza ngosuku olulandelayo lwebhizinisi ngemuva kokusayina futhi bavumelekile kuze kube yilapho elandelayo. Lezi datha zishicilelwa kwiwebhusayithi yeBhanki yaseRussia. Noma kunjalo, amabhange ayenawo umthwalo wokuthenga noma ukuthengisa imali ngaleli zinga. Kuzinhlangano zomthetho nabantu ngabanye ulwazi olunjalo lusetshenziselwa ukwazi. Ukuthola izinga lokushintshanisa ngqo, kuzomele usebenzise i-converter yemali. Itholakala kuwebhusayithi yanoma yiliphi ibhange.

Izinhlamvu zamayunithi ezimali

Izimo kanye nemikhiqizo yokuthengisa ngokuyinhloko kuxhomeke emingceleni ebekwa yi-state futhi ibonakala ngeparameter yokuguqula. Lolu uhlobo lwemali ethile evumela ukuthi kuhambisane nokuthengiswa kwezomnotho wangaphandle ukushintshanisa i-currency unit unit yezimali zangaphandle. Ngokwale nkomba, imali emabhange ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu.

Izinhlobo zokuguqulwa

I-currency convertible currency (JMC) ishintshaniswa ngokukhululekile kumayunithi emali kwamanye amazwe, kanye nezindlela zokukhokha, ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlala ezindaweni zokuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe. Ezenzweni zomhlaba, isici esiyinhloko sentengo yilezi:

• Ukungabikho kwemingcele ekushintsheni;
• Ukutholakala kwenkambo eguquguqukayo.

I-CRS isetshenziselwa ukudluliselwa ohlelweni lokukhokha lwamazwe ngamazwe (CLS). Lokhu kuvumela abantu abazimele kanye nosomabhizinisi ukuba benze ukuhwebelana ngaphandle kokushintshanisa imali yesizwe nganoma iyiphi imali eguquguqukayo.

Lapho sibhekene nenkinga ye-JMC, siphenduka embuzweni wokuthi iyiphi imali eguqulwa kancane futhi ivaliwe (engenakuphikiswa).

Iyokuqala yimali enemingcele ethile yereventi esifundeni esithile, kwabanye abantu noma ngezinhlobo ezimbalwa zokuthengiselana. I-Unconvertible ibizwa ngokuthi iyunithi yezimali, okuyizizathu zezomnotho noma zezombangazwe, umbuso ovinjelwe ukushintshanisa imali yezwe elithile.

Esikhathini sohlaka lwemali eguquguqukayo, inzuzo yangaphandle neyangaphakathi iyahlukaniswa. Ngokuqala kusho ukuthi amazwe angaphandle angadlulisela ngokukhululekile imali kazwelonke phesheya. Ngaphakathi kusho ilungelo lezakhamuzi namabhizinisi ukuthenga lwemali yangaphandle ngokuthengiselana. Ukwethula ukuguqulwa, umbuso kumele usebenzise umthetho ofanelekile.

Izinzuzo ze-ICS

Lapho sibhekene nombuzo wokuthi yiyiphi imali eguqulwa ngokukhululekile, siphenduka embuzweni wokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo lokhu okunikeza isimo. Kuze kube manje, ukubuyiswa kwamahhala kunqunywe amandla wezomnotho wezwe. I-UCWU ivumela umbuso ukudala izimo ezihle zokuthuthukisa ibhalansi yezinkokhelo, ufakazela inkululeko yomnotho, ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa komncintiswano wamazwe omhlaba, ngenxa yalokho amabhizinisi akhoqeleka ukuba akhulise ukusebenza kahle kwemikhiqizo.

Ezimweni ezinjalo, izinhlangano zingathola izikweletu ngemali yangaphandle. Umsebenzi wezomnotho wangaphandle uvuselelwe: ngenxa yokunciphisa ingozi yemali, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokuthengiswa kwezimpahla kwanda. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zokungeniswa kwempahla kuholela ekuhlolisweni kwemali kazwelonke. Ukwethulwa kwe-UCWU kuhilela umbuso ohlelweni lokuhlukaniswa kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukwandisa ukungena kwezimali ezinkulu, futhi kwenza kube lula ukuqhuba imisebenzi.

Izimo zokwakha inzuzo

Lokhu kufaka:

• Ukwaneliseka kwesidingo ngokunikezwa emakethe;
• Ukutholakala kwezinto ezidingekayo zezimpahla zamanzi;
• Ukudala kwesikhwama sokugcina;
• Ukulinganisa okulinganiselayo kokukhokha;
• Ukwehluleka kwesabelomali sesifundazwe, uma kukhona, akufanele kudlule u-5% weGDP;
• Yenza inqubomgomo yamanani entengo ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka, kodwa ngokubheka ngokufanele imithetho yemanani;
• Inqubomgomo yekhredithi efanelekile ngenani lentando yenhle kanye nokuxhasa ngemali;
• Ukwethulwa kwemithetho esebenzayo ye-antitrust ngenhloso yokuveza idemoni umnotho.

Izimali zezwe

Ngenxa yokuthengiswa kwemali kanye nomthelela emakethe yezezimali, kuwumkhuba ukubhekisela kwizimali zezwe ezinyunithi zemali eziyisikhombisa:

• I-Euro;
• I-dollar yase-US;
• Amadola aseCanada, ase-Austrian naseSwitzerland;
• I-Japanese yen;
• I-franc yaseSwitzerland.

Kulezi zindleko kunenani elikhulu lezinkontileka, zivame ukuthengiswa emakethe ye-Forex.

Izici eziyinhloko zezimali zezwe:

• Ukwehla okuphezulu;
• Solvency;
• Ukuzinza kwenkambo.

Zisetshenziselwa ukwakha izinqolobane zegolide. Amanani wezimali zezwe ahlobene. Lapho inani lomunye wabo liwa, izindleko zenye ziyakhula. Futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu anezimali zawo kanye namabhange asemqoka alawula inqubomgomo yezimali. Ngo-1996, kwakhiwa inyunyana yemali, okuyi-2014 eseyivele ihlanganisa amazwe angu-18. I-European Central Bank ilawula indawo ye-Eurozone. Imali esebenza kule nsimu i-euro. Kusukela ngo-1999, i-euro isetshenziselwa izindawo ezingekho imali. Kusukela ngo-2002 - ngokukhokha imali. Namuhla, i-euro iqhudelana ne-dollar ngokwemali yokukhishwa kanye namasheya ekudaleni igolide kanye nezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe.

Enye imali ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke i-dollar yase-US. Iyindlela yokukhokha emazweni angaphezu kwangu-amabili emhlabeni. Ikhulu leminyaka lokugcina leminyaka, idola - enye yemithombo yokudala imali yokugcina imali. Ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, waphonsela ibhilidi laseBrithani.

I-yen isetshenziselwa ukuthengiswa emazweni ase-Asia. Ukubalwa kwemali kazwelonke yaseJapane kunkulu kunedola noma i-euro.

Cishe amaphesenti angu-5 ezinqolobane zokushintshaniswa kwamanye amazwe akhiwa ngamapounds angu-sterling. Imali kazwelonke yase-Great Britain ingenye yezinzile kakhulu emhlabeni.

I dollar yase-Australia ithandwa kakhulu ekushintshaneni kweSydney.

I dollar yaseCanada ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlala ezindaweni zokudayiswa kwempahla ekuhwebeni kwehlabathi, izinsimbi kanye nemithombo yamandla.

Imali YeRussia - CWU

Ukuze i-ruble ibe yinto eguquguqukayo ngokuphelele, kufanele isekelwe yizinto ezilinganayo. Ngokombono, umnotho waseRussia, olinganiswa yizazi ezizimele ezingeni eliphakeme, ungaba okulinganayo. Kodwa ngokuzikhandla, ukhetho olwengeziwe lokuhlinzekwa kwe-ruble nguhulumeni. Ukwethulwa kwemali eguquguqukayo, engagcinwa izibopho zikahulumeni, njengoba kwakunedola, ngeke kudlule. I-Euro njengemali yomhlaba ngaleso sikhathi ibambe isimo sesimo sombuso.

Ukuqinisekisa isimo se-JMC nguhulumeni kubonisa ukuthi iRussia kuzodingeka ikhokhele izinsiza ezibonakalayo ekudingeni kokuqala. Okungukuthi, umthamo we-ruble emhlabeni awufanele udlule ukuphepha kwezwe. Njengoba kunikezwe inkohlakalo kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni, kunzima kunesiqinisekiso.

Nokho, uhulumeni waseRussia uthatha zonke izinyathelo zokunikeza i-ruble isimo se-JMC. Muva nje, iBhange laseRussia yamemezela inhloso yalo ukushintsha ngokugcwele ku-ruble. Mayelana nalokhu, ezinye izikhungo zezikweletu, kuhlanganise neSberbank, "ziboniswa" futhi. Imali yeRussia Federation ingase ifakwe ohlwini lweBhange eliqhubekayo lokuThuthukisa iBhange esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Isetshenziselwa ukubalwa kwe-SVK. Ibhange laseRussia selithumele isicelo esifanele ku-CLS, kodwa ayikho impendulo okwamanje.

Isifinyezo

Izimpawu zemali ezikhishwe izwe elilodwa, kodwa ezisetshenziswa njengendlela yokukhokha kwamanye amazwe, zikhombisa izinga eliphezulu lokuthuthukiswa kombuso. Okufanelekile, amabhange kanye nezinhlamvu zemali kumele zixhaswe ngesimo sezomthetho sezwe noma ingcebo yalo kazwelonke, ngokushintshaniswa ngokushintshaniswa ngemali yamanye amazwe. Yilokho imali eguqulwa ngokukhululekile emhlabeni jikelele.