Isikimu London Underground: umlando kanye nesimo samanje

Isikimu London Underground siqukethe iziteshi 270, imigqa 11, ubude ingqikithi okuyinto ilingana 402 amakhilomitha. Nsuku zonke, lolu hlobo ezokuthutha selusetshenziswa ngabahlali abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu kanye izivakashi we dolobha yaseBrithani. Ilogo London Underground ingenye balingisi labagcamile ezisuke zithandwa ngaleso emhlabeni wonke lokukhicitwa ithengiswe izinto zokugqoka kanye izesekeli ne ilogo yenkampani kanye esitimeleni isikimu.

Umlando zendalo futhi isimo samanje

usuku okuqala ngobuningi emhubheni ongaphansi komhlaba eLondon kwehla ngo-January 10, 1863. Umugqa wokuqala u "reyluey Metropolitan" abophe esiteshini ezimbili ezinkulu isitimela. Ngo-1890, owokuqala izitimela London Underground ukuqala ukusebenza kwe kagesi. Kuze 1933, ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa lemigqa enikeziwe yizinkampani ezizimele. Ukudalwa uMnyango Passenger Transport uye wahlanganisa kubo kusimo uhlelo olulodwa.

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili sekuyinto isiphephelo esisemqoka komhlaba kusukela kuqhuma amabhomu labantu obunokuthula edolobheni. Novemba 18, 1987 abakhileyo London lakhunjulwa kokugqashuka okungazelelwe lomlilo. Ngalolo suku, lo izakhi kwabulala abantu amathathu. Ngo-July 2005, iziteshi eziningana ziye zaba yizisulu kwamaphekula. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuqhuma ezine ehlelekile ezitimeleni ezintathu kwabulawa abantu abangu-56 kanye ukuzibulala ekuhlaseleni ezine.

Kuze kube manje, uhlelo London Underground endaweni yesine phakathi ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ngemuva Seoul, Beijing futhi Shanghai. Izakhamuzi zenhloko-dolobha okuthiwa lolu hlobo ezokuthutha I Tube (Engl. "Inqawe") ngenxa ukuma imigudu.

Imigqa London Underground esiteshini

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, inhlokodolobha komhlaba British siqukethe imigqa 11, ezine zazo yilezi engajulile, elinye - ezijulile. Cabanga ngalunye ngokuhlukile:

• "District" (ezikhonjiswe kulombhalo umbala oluhlaza futhi iqukethe iziteshi 60);
• "Met" (esiteshini onsomi 34);
• "Circumferential" (ophuzi, 36 iziteshi);
• "North" (black, iziteshi 50);
• "Waterloo & City" (ikhayeni, esiteshini 2);
• "Central" (obomvu, 49 iziteshi);
• "Beykerloo" (Brown, 25 iziteshi);
• "Piccadilly" (luhlaza, 53 iziteshi);
• "Victoria" (blue, 16 iziteshi);
• "Usuku olugujwa minyaka yonke" (esiliva, 27 iziteshi);
• "Hammersmith & City" (Pink, 29 iziteshi).

Ngo-2007, umugqa Eastern yavalwa yokuvuselela. Ngemva kweminyaka emine wokuvula yayo, kwaba yingxenye ezokuthutha ephakeme. Isikimu London Underground iqukethe izingxenye ezifana "London Overground" futhi "Docklands Khanyisa sesitimela".

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

• Indlela elide uhambo ngqo kusuka esiteshini "West Raislip" ukuze "Epping" - 54,9 amakhilomitha futhi ihlala ihora nemizuzu engu-28.
• Ensimini ka "Stratford" iyona esizihambelayo emfushane (4 amamitha), futhi isikhathi eside is owned esiteshini "Ingelosi" (amamitha angu-60).
• Isiteshi ejulile kakhulu libizwa ngokuthi "Hampstead" sisekuciniseni at a 59 metres kusuka ezingeni emgwaqweni ukujula.
• Okungenani ukujula (5.2 amamitha) elise esiteshini "Redbridge".
• "Waterloo" kuyinto esiteshini esimatasa London Underground. Kuwo lo nyaka, umgibeli traffic lapha abantu abayizigidi ezingu-82.
• "District" umugqa linenani enkulu iziteshi (60), kanye kencanikhulu - "Waterloo & City" (2).

design

Ekuqaleni isikimu London Underground lahlanganisa ibalazwe umuzi, njengoba ekwandeni lolu hlobo ezokuthutha, nzima okuqonda sibonwa abagibeli. Kamuva, ngo-1933 ngu-Garri Bek yakhelwe incwajana ethi ulwazi, okuyinto ukubeka umugqa ngemuva kwendikimba, kunokuba womhlaba, futhi wonke umuntu umise umbala.

ifonti elibi abahlukile, okulotshiwe izwi Underground on isizinda eluhlaza, kwadalwa Edward Johnston ngo-1916. Ilogo okudweba nombhalo othi ngenhla eminyakeni yokuqala khona iye zaziwa ngamagama ezifana "uphawu" futhi "iso lenkomo". Kuyinto indilinga lebovu, okuyinto sidlula maphakathi blue umugqa. UMklami esivelele zalesi sibonakaliso ayikaziwa. Phela izindlela zezokuthutha beze ngaphansi kokulawula Ezokuthutha eLondon, lokhu isibonakaliso waqala ozofakwa Isiteshi samatekisi, ibhasi, tram, DLR nabanye.

Namuhla travel ku London Underground, ungakwazi kalula qhathanisa ne uya Museum of Modern Art. isikhala Ukukhangisa manje ayenziwa egcwele izinkondlo nezobuciko imidwebo, ngaleyo ndlela kudale isimo senjabulo phakathi abagibeli. Lokhu izivakashi ibuye unspeakably ujabule futhi izivakashi edolobheni, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izindleko zokuhlinzwa yokugibela omdala, kuncike nokuklanywa kwe-avareji ka-3 amakhilogremu. amathikithi Wezingane abiza ngengxenye yentengo.