Indzaba "abantu zangaphambili" Maksima Gorkogo

"Abantu Zangaphambili" - umsebenzi wadala ngo-1897. Sisho - umxhwele siqu umbhali, okuyinto amukelwa ngayo lapho Kwakudingeka aphile indlu zokulala emaphethelweni Kazan. Lo msebenzi ku uhlobo singachazwa ngokuthi indaba, njengoba ebonakala ngu ukunemba isithombe ngaye, ukuntuleka Dynamics, ukunakekela zokuphila kwansuku zonke, kanye ezinemininingwane portrait izici. I "abantu zangaphambili" izilinganiso ezintsha Gorky sika uhlobo umalalepayipini. Ayikho ubukhazikhazi, ajwayelekile kithi kusuka ekuqaleni ngemisebenzi yakhe.

"Abantu Zangaphambili": isifinyezo

indawo Lobalulekile ingxenye yokuqala incazelo enikezwayo. Ekuqaleni, phambi kwethu umgwaqo suburban. Kuyinto ezingcolile, libe buthuntu. Maqhugwane, etholakala lapha, ukucasha: amafasitela etshekile nezindonga lwalugobile, uphahla abavuzayo. Sibona yinqwaba udoti imfucumfucu. Okulandelayo kuchaza endlini umthengisi Petunnikoff. Lesi sakhiwo LOP emaceleni nge amawindi ngobugebengu. Izindonga zawo embozwe ukuqhekeka. Kule ndlu, efana indlu encane, elise flophouse. It sifana elibuhlungu, imbobo eside.

ekumeni abaswele

Kusukela incazelo wezangaphakathi nombhali kuqhubeka ekumeni abaswele. Yiziphi "abantu zangaphambili" sokudlala Gorky esithi "Lower Ngokujula"?

U-Aristide Sledgehammer - umnikazi wendlu zokulala, ngaphambili wakhonza njengephayona noma esilingana nesakhe. Yena uphokophele inkampani okuthiwa "abantu zangaphambili" futhi "izisebenzi jikelele." Gorky wamchaza ngokuthi igabade, indoda ezibanzi iminyaka engaba ngu-50 ubudala, enobuso pockmarked, evuvukele wayephuze. Ubizwa begqoke greatcoat isikhulu ezimanikiniki ezingcolile, futhi ekhanda lakhe cap okunamafutha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekumeni nezinye abaswele. Omunye wabo - thishela. It slouching umuntu omude nge empandleni esekhanda futhi eside, ekhaleni abukhali. Enye abaswele - Simtsov Aleksey Maksimovich, eyaziwa nangokuthi Kubar. Lo muntu - a wehlathi wangaphambili. Gorky yathi "zilingana emgqonyeni." Anakho encane umbala ekhaleni njengegazi, intshebe obukhulu obumhlophe namehlo baphikise zamanzi.

I umhlali esilandelayo indlu Doss - Martyanov Luka Antonovich ngelika End. Ngaphambili, yena wasebenza njengendlela uSuperintendent ejele, futhi manje - omunye "abantu zangaphambili". Kuyinto isidakwa bethule elibuhlungu.

Lapha uhlala futhi Pavel Solntsev (Obedok) umakhenikha. Lo muntu lopsided consumptive ecishe ibe yiminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlobi uchaza Kiselnikova. Abaswele - okwakumenza isiboshwa esikhulile wangaphambili. Wayengumuntu eziyisikhombisa ezimathambo futhi yinde, "ijika kwelinye iso." Wabizwa nengxenye Taras, njengoba umngane wakhe Taras, owayeyisikhulu igosa kwaba izikhathi eyodwa nengxenye engezansi kunalokho. Ngokulandelako sizokufunda ngekhambo esikhuluma ngokulwa kwalaba bafana eside-onezinwele ezimhloshana "iwubuphukuphuku" "nge mug enamahloni bony". Wakhe isidlaliso - Meteor. Khona-ke, umlobi Lisinikeza nezakhamuzi abavamile yendlu zokulala, indoda. Omunye wabo - Tyapa, i amanikiniki-ukutomula ubudala.

izici abaswele

Maxim Gorky usiqaphelisa indlela laba bantu abanandaba isiphetho sabo, kanye nokuphila futhi ikusasa yabanye. Ziyakwazi bengenandaba, okubonisa ubuthakathaka yizimo zangaphandle. Ezinhliziyweni zabo ngesikhathi ekhula efanayo intukuthelo ukuthi sibhekiswe abantu abacebile. By the way, izwe "abantu zangaphambili" sokudlala Gorky esithi "Lower Ngokujula" kuyafana lowo ezidalwe indaba emfushane sinesithakazelo.

Kushayisana Petunnikoff

Engxenyeni umsebenzi wonke la izinhlamvu ukunganeliseki yesibili uhumusha ukungqubuzana okukhululekile Petunnikoff, umthengisi wendawo. Ukuthi lo ingxabano - nomphakathi. Ukaputeni waphawula yini ukuthi abanye ingxenye isitshalo umthengisi phansi Vavilov. Sikubonise umgcini wendlu yezihambi ukuba amangalele Petunnikoff. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi u-Aristide Sledgehammer kuleli cala is eliqhutshwa abanaso isifiso inzuzo. Wavele ufuna casula Petunnikoff, okuyinto uzibiza wazonda uJuda.

ngxabano yi

Nokho, isimangalo, okuyinto wathembisa ruble 600, emhlabeni uphela. Ibhizinisi, wafundiswa futhi indodana nesihluku Petunnikoff Vavilov engenza isidingo ukuhoxisa icala enkantolo. Kungenjalo, esabise ukuvala pub, equkethe umgcini wendlu yezihambi. Izakhamuzi indlu Doss bayaqaphela ukuthi manje bayokwazi ukuhamba endaweni ehlasela, ngoba umthengisi ngokuqinisekile cha thethelela them lokhu icala.

Ngokushesha Petunnikoff kudingeka ngempela ngaleso sikhathi "hibarochku". Kodwa lokhu amashwa aziphelelanga lapho. Uchiel efa, ukufa osolwa Aristide sledgehammer. Ngakho ekugcineni inqamuka umphakathi abaswele. Petunnikoff nokunqoba.

Psychology namaqhawe

ukunakwa okuningi Maxim Gorky okhokhela ekutadisheni okubizwa ngokuthi ukuphila-beens hhayi kuphela. Ube engumlobi njalo nesithakazelo kwengqondo zabo, izwe kwangaphakathi. Umbhali ukholelwa kutsi kuphila flophouse iveza abantu ababuthakathaka abangekho able kuze dlweza, ukuze iSilekeleli Sokwazisa. Baphika konke, kuhlanganise ezimpilweni zabo. Lesi sikhundla (nemibono yayo - Sledgehammer) abhubhisayo futhi unpromising. Akukhona ezakhayo, isiqalo esihle. Futhi ukunganeliseki kubangelwa ubuthakathaka, ungaveza kuphela ukukhungatheka nentukuthelo.

Singasho ukuthi Maxim Gorky (isithombe kuye letinikwe lapha ngenhla) e indaba yakhe "abantu zangaphambili" kwenza abakhileyo umusho "phansi". It ivinjelwe izinhlamvu engenamandla futhi angasebenzi. Ukuhlaziywa indzaba "abantu zangaphambili" libonisa ukuthi yini labo abazokwazi imizwa ezinhle nezenzo. Kule ndaba, ke udalula isiqephu sokufa lika-Master. Maul, owayekholelwa ukuthi indoda njengoba umngane, Angikwazanga ukuthola ngisho izwi womuntu ngenxa yalo. izinkinga zomphakathi kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza izindaba bosyatskogo umjikelezo esikhathini esizayo sizoqhubeka nokuguquguquka ngokuqhubeka e nemidlalo ye Maksima Gorkogo.

Umkhiqizo umehluko kusuka imidwebo bokuphila

I indaba emfushane bokuphila zaba isihloko esivelele ezisesithombeni indima social abalingiswa, kunokuba ezithile. Abalobi abangu anentshisekelo, isibonelo, isitho-grinder Petersburg, Petersburg Wiper, Abashayeli bamatekisi, izikhulu, abathengisi. Esikhathini indaba emfushane kwezobuciko ukuthi wadala Gorky ( "abantu zangaphambili"), igxila kakhulu ekutadisheni izinhlamvu abalingiswa, abamunye isimo emphakathini. Heroes ezazisendlini zokulala, ezansi ukuphila. Flophouse igcina Aristide Sledgehammer, okuyinto ngokwaso indoda "zangaphambili", ngoba induna umhlalaphansi.

Ukungabikho hero kwakhe

Kungaphawulwa namanye izici umkhiqizo. Ngokwesibonelo, "abantu zangaphambili" akuyona kwakhe iqhawe isithombe ngakho ijwayelekile Gorky. Umlandzi kulo msebenzi, njengoba uma efuna ukuba abadedisele yena kukho konke hhayi kunabantu yayo. Singasho ukuthi indima yakhe umsebenzi "abantu zangaphambili" Gorkogo Maksima Kuthi ehlukile kunaleyo emjikelezweni "ERussia," noma izindaba romantic lembhali. The hero kwakhe akuyona umfundi abalingiswa, umngane wabo. imininingwane abafana portrait, okuyinto awakholelwa Sledgehammer Meteor, kanye kwebalingisi of Uliphatha kanjani abanye kuphela, sikwazi ukubona kuwo uhlamvu ngokuphila kwakhe. Nokho, ngandlela-thile siqhele umsebenzi yemlandzi.

Inguquko kusuka romanticism ukuba okwangempela

Into esemqoka ukuthi ehlukanisa "abantu zangaphambili" kusukela imisebenzi Gorky, eziphathelene imisebenzi ngaphambili - kuyinto ushintsho kusukela incazelo yothando bemvelo ukuba enengqondo. Umbhali namanje ikhombisa abantu kubantu. Nokho, esicelweni sakhe esiya okwangempela emvumela ukuba ubonise okuningi ngokucace kakhudlwana umahluko okhona izinhlangothi amnyama nokukhanya, ababuthakathaka futhi enamandla umlingisi kazwelonke, ukuguquguquka yayo. Iphinde isihloko ucwaningo umkhiqizo "abantu zangaphambili".

Kubonakala sengathi umlobi, evukile yokuma okwangempela, abakwazi ukuthola indlela ukuxazulula ingxabano phakathi phetho yomuntu (ukuphakama kwakhe) futhi ukwehluleka edabukisayo ukuqaphela ngokuphila kwakhe abantu "zangaphambili", isikhundla esiphansi yezenhlalakahle hlala. Ayenganqobeki kokungqubuzana kwenza Gorky ku landscape yokugcina ukubuyela umbono, romanticism eyinqaba. Kuphela elementi isinqumo zingatholakala zingaxazululeki. Umbhali ubhala ukuthi kukhona okwakungaphezu kungaqedwa futhi ukhandlekile ngamafu esiqinile grey, olwaluhlanganisa ngokuphelele esibhakabhakeni. Njengoba uma sebezoba phuma ngigeza futhi uhlanze konke ukungcola nge umhlaba sikhathele edabukisayo. Kukhokonke, kodwa-namaqiniso landscape. Kuyadingeka ukuba ukusho amazwi ambalwa mayelana nakho.

landscape

Esikhathini izindaba ekuseni landscape romantic kombhali yayihloselwe ukugcizelela eliyingqayizivele futhi ingokomoya ubuhle ebusuku eningizimu, usizi aba nalo lapho ehlathini elimnyama futhi engapheli emaqeleni khulula wakwazi ukukhonza njengephayona ingemuva ukudalulwa iqhawe romantic, ngenani lokuphila kwakhe abathi ekahle yakhe. Manje Gorkiy Maksim ( "abantu zangaphambili") lisho landscape namaqiniso. Unendaba yakhe izici anti-yobuhle. It lisinikeza emaphethelweni amabi. umbala Turbidity, ukungcolisa, pallor Udinga ukwakha umuzwa ukungayinaki imvelo lapho bukhoma abaswele.

ukungqubuzana

Umbhali uzama ukuqonda indlela ikhono elikhulu kwezenhlalo kanye siqu okuthiwa "abantu zangaphambili". Kudingeka sithole ukuthi asesikhundleni kwezimo ezinzima yasekhaya nezenhlalo, ukuze alondoloze ingokomoya non-ezibonakalayo, ezingashabalala ziqhathaniswa mhlaba ongenabulungisa ngakho kubo. I engavamile we izingxabano kubangelwa ngokuqondile kulesi sici nezindaba. empini umsebenzi has a uhlamvu nomphakathi. Ngemva abaswele sledgehammer ephethwe Petunnikoff kuqhathaniswa umthengisi, futhi indodana yakhe - abandayo, eqinile, ehlakaniphile futhi amalungu abafundile ka onxiwankulu Russian.

Umbhali unesithakazelo ngezinga elikhulu aspect social le ngxabano, futhi zokungazimiseli ukuqonda izinhlamvu isikhundla siqu, amathemba kungenzeka, izidingo zabo. Akusona izwe ayathanda, noma ngisho nemali. Lena kuphela ibonakalisa yokuzondwa isidakwa abampofu indoda ekhuthele futhi ecebile.

Gorky lembula ukungabakhathaleli nhlobo "abantu zangaphambili" lokusungula, ukukhula kwangaphakathi, umsebenzi, self-ngcono. Kodwa lezi zimfanelo zibalulekile kakhulu umbhali. Tiniketwe eSitatimendeni noveli "Umama" kanye hero trilogy wakhe ngokuphila. Izakhamuzi indlu Doss ngeke benze lutho ukumisa ngokoqobo ezizungezile, ngaphandle nobubi. Lokhu kuholela ukuba le "phansi" efanayo. intukuthelo yabo iphenduka ngokumelene nawo. Lutho wenza ukuphikisana kwakhe yomthengisi, "abantu zangaphambili".