Imithetho jikelele emnothweni emakethe. Indlela usebenza umnotho emakethe imithetho kwezomnotho?

Umnotho emakethe kusekelwe imithetho eziningana ezibalulekile. Baye savela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningana. Imvelaphi yalezi izici ezinquma ubungako bendaba umthetho kwezomnotho endaweni umnotho emakethe.

zimiso eziyisisekelo

kungekho emakethe ngeke avele enze inzuzo ngaphandle entandweni yabantu. osomabhizinisi engumthengisi abasungula inkampani yabo ukukhiqiza izimpahla namasevisi futhi babanike kumthengi, ungomunye izinsika ezibaluleke kakhulu womnotho khulula. Nokho, akekho noyedwa usomabhizinisi ngeke akwazi ukuthuthukisa ibhizinisi, uma lwaluba yizinhlobo ezahlukene ubunikazi ayengenawo, kanye izindlela zokukhiqiza. Kuyinto lezi zenzakalo zisisiza ukuba siqonde indlela umthetho kwezomnotho endaweni umnotho emakethe.

Kwaneliswe isidingo kuphakamisa intengo izimpahla. Ngamanye isimiso sezomnotho (kuhlelwe) inquma isimo. Kulokhu, amandla kuphela uholwe imibono yabo mayelana nokushaya khona izinqumo. Market izimele kusuka kuhulumeni, futhi ngenxa yalokho amanani zinqunywa ngokukhululekile kuwo.

Umnotho lapho kungekho izithiyo zikahulumeni, nokho kumele kulawulwa umthetho. Okokuqala nokusemqoka, lesi simiso sihlobana ukusungulwa ubudlelwano phakathi amabhizinisi nabantu (ngamanye amagama, izinhlangano kwezomnotho).

mncintiswano

The main isici emnothweni emakethe umncintiswano. Kuwumshikashika phakathi abadlali ezahlukene ukuze uthole inzuzo, ukukhiqizwa, amakhasimende nokunye. D. nemibandela mncintiswano yabo ingase ibe khona ehlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, zazi zithola mncintiswano ephelele. Kungenzeka, uma emakethe ine lenqwaba izinkampani nowodwa kuyo cha bizela imigomo abaphikisi babo. Njengomthetho, isimo esinjalo e imboni entsha. Izimpawu mncintiswano uphelele esingenamkhawulo ukuthi abahlanganyeli emakethe, kanye khulula intengo ngesilinganiso.

Kodwa isimo emakethe kuyolungiswa. Ngaphezu ephelele, mhlawumbe mncintiswano abangaphelele. Kulezi zimo, omunye abakhiqizi kungaba nomthelela emakethe futhi zilimaze izimbangi zayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, zikhona izindlela ezahlukahlukene (setha izintengo okulahlwa, ukudalwa izithiyo ukuze entry umkhakha nabaphikisi ngakho. D.). Umnotho emakethe kungaholela ekwakhekeni monopolies lapho omunye inkampani elawula yonke ingxenye yayo. Kulokhu, intengo kanye nekhwalithi izimpahla noma amasevisi nje isuke ibangelwa ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela.

Umthetho ukunikezela kanye buza

Ngo-1890, i-Economist IsiZulu Alfred Marshall, zavela ikakhulukazi imithetho kwezomnotho emakethe umnotho. ithiyori wakhe oyinhloko kwakuwukushumayela umbono budlelwane emkhatsini ukunikezela funa. Lezi zinkomba ezimbili izimfanelo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwanoma iyiphi umnotho emakethe.

Isimiso kokulandela umthetho. The ephansi intengo umkhiqizo, kulapho-ke ngenkani abathengi kanye nabakhiqizi sipho aphansi. Isimo okuphambene nalokho nakho kuyiqiniso. Njengomthetho, intengo kumele isethelwe endaweni yakhoibrium, okuyinto lula yimithetho kwezomnotho endaweni umnotho emakethe. kanjani lezi zimiso? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kumelwe siqale ukucacisa kahle ukuthi ukufuneka kuyinto.

Leli gama washayelwa ekhulwini XIX. Demand icela abathengayo abazoba noma langempela ukuthola izimpahla ezithile esenana imadlana. Lesi sici libonisa izici ezimbili ezibalulekile kakhulu umthengi - isifiso sakhe ukuthenga okuthile nekhono layo ukukhokha izindleko oyifunayo.

kuyaqina isidingo

Isici esibalulekile kuyinto funa yayo kuyaqina. Le nkulumo ibhekisela ukusabela kwamakhasimende yezinguquko lezimpahla amanani. Ukuze ukwazi ukubona kukhona izinga ekhethekile, okuyinto kuthonywa imithetho kwezomnotho endaweni umnotho emakethe. umphumela wabo ukuthi umthengi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba umkhiqizo yokuncintisana. Ake sithi ngentengo eyodwa imodeli umshini anda. Uma umthengi uyazi ukuthi kungaba ukuthenga eshibhile imoto kuka efanayo, ukukhetha kwakhe ekugcineni wawuyoba kuzenzakalele.

Uhlelo emakethe ukuthi umncintiswano akuyona inzuzo ukukhulisa amanani, uma okubhekenwe lezimpahla zabo izindleko zizoba ngaphansi. Lobu buhlobo elawula mgomo yenkampani imithetho kangcono futhi ziphumelela kangcono antitrust. Lokhu kuthonywa imithetho umgomo kwezomnotho endaweni umnotho emakethe.

Kuyaqina isidingo yabathengi is kakhulu anda kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. Ukuba khona kwe-intanethi futhi ukufinyelela wonke ulwazi ukuvumela abathengi ukuba ngokushesha ukuthola isimo izintengo izimpahla efanayo ezivela ezinkampanini ezahlukene. Lesi yisibonelo olukhulu kanjani usebenze umnotho emakethe imithetho yezomnotho.

Umthetho Engel

Umuntu ngamunye ekhetha ukuthenga zabo kusukela Amaholo abo. Inhlalakahle kunomthelela oqonde ngqo kulokho abathengi angaba namandla okuwunikela. Ekhulwini XIX, lobu buhlobo iye liphenywa Ernst Engel - usosayensi isiJalimane, owaba umsunguli mbono ezibalulekile zesayensi.

I-The Economist waphawula ukuthi nge ukuchuma elikhulayo ikhasimende ethile, izintandokazi zabo bashintsha izimpahla. Engel eliphakanyisiwe (futhi kamuva kugomela umbono) ukuthi imali engaphansi umuntu, kulapho-ke okuchitha ukudla. Akukho lutho isimanga eqinisweni lokuthi abantu abampofu abangeke bakwazi ukuwakhokhela, isibonelo, ukuhamba njalo.

Nokho, usosayensi German ngemcondvo bakhe zagcizelela yokuthi, kanye kwandzisa izindleko bezinhlanga ezahlukene kwezimpahla engakhuli ngokulingana. imithetho Economic emnothweni emakethe futhi imiphumela yayo kunqunywa ukushuba esikhwameni yomthengi. Uma empofu okuchitha nomholo ukudla isigamu, indoda ecebile uzochitha enaleni yabo ezintweni ezahlukene kakhulu, kodwa hhayi ngoba ezengeziwe segezi.

Umbono wokuthi ukusetshenziswa

Ekhulwini XX ke imba eqolo ukusebenza nomnotho emazweni eziphambili. Kube okuthiwa segolide billion. Ngakho bebizwa ngokuthi bayizakhamuzi emazweni yokuchuma okukhulu. Emphakathini lapho akunankinga okusinda noma izimo zokuphila kahle, abantu bavame ukudla okwengeziwe. Le ndlela has zezomnotho nesithakazelo. kwavela Ngakho imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukusetshenziswa.

Kuyini lokhu? Wumgomo esemqoka ye umbono ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi wonke umuntu ufuna ngokuyinhloko uqede (ukuthenga zonke elisha). yezitolo Daily, bethenga, njll - .. Zonke lezi zibonakaliso umhlanganyeli emakethe. Ngo mbono, ukusetshenziswa kubhekwa yisici esiyinhloko esibangela sokunquma nekusebenta emnothweni.

Pareto Law

Okubalulekile nganoma yisiphi umnotfo inkinga lenhlangano ofanele noma yimuphi umsebenzi zokukhiqiza. Kokubili uhulumeni namabhizinisi ubhekene nesinqumo: indlela izimali zabo ukuze wandise ukusebenza kwamabhizinisi noma inkampani. Kukhona umthetho jikelele Pareto, othi u-20% imizamo kunikeza 80% yalokho, kanye asele 80% umzamo inikezwe% 20 kuphela imiphumela.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu ku umkhuba? Wonke umnikazi kumelwe anqume indlela nokwandisa inkampani yakho ukuze ubuncane ngezenzo ezibalulekile wanika esiphezulu yi kungenzeka. Lena inkinga esebenza kwezomnotho.

Of sebuningini izinto emakethe ezimbalwa kuphela zinzima. Lokho izenzo efanele ngamunye kungaba nemiphumela ebalulekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inqwaba yezinqumo ezingahlakaniphile singayeki isigamu inzuzo. Pareto Law kubalulekile ikakhulukazi ngebhizinisi osomabhizinisi. izinkampani eyimpumelelo isebenze kuphela zemakethe ezithile lapho bangakwazi ukuthola inzuzo kakhulu umzamo okungenani.

Theory zintathu engenakwenzeka

Ezweni lanamuhla isimo angeke kutholakale imiphumela eziningana engqubuzanayo mayelana nemithetho kwezomnotho liyasho. Indlela usebenza umnotho emakethe imithetho kwezomnotho okuphila kwanamuhla? Kukhona umbono mayelana okuthiwa zintathu engenakwenzeka. It itholakala lokuthi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele ezihleliwe exchange rate ngesikhathi esifanayo, inhlokodolobha zenkululeko nokuzibusa Umgomo wezimali.

Lo mbono kwahlongozwa ngu kaNobel kwezomnotho Robert Mundell ngo-1999. Lo mthetho komnotho wenarha yabo boke ukuphoqa isimo lokukhetha inkambo ethile e inqubomgomo ukunikeza izinzuzo ezithile emakethe ngenxa nezinye.

umthetho intengo

Ziningi izici ezinquma ubungako bendaba imithetho kwezomnotho enze umnotho emakethe. Abanye nabo ngqo nihlanganyele. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi belinganisa for imithetho emakethe ngumlayo value futhi amanani umthetho. Lithi umkhiqizo okuthengiswa ukuba abe namandla enani oluhambisana lemali zomsebenzi etshaliwe kuwo.

Iningi imikhiqizo yomsebenzi wezomnotho ekhiqizwa yizimboni eziningana. Ukuze ngokwanele ukuhlola zabasebenzi etshaliwe zonke izinhlangothi, udinga i exchange okulingana. Ngaphambi iqhaza ke, umenzi has ukuqala ukunikela umkhiqizo kubalulekile umphakathi futhi uyawuthanda ke funa. Lokhu kuyisici esibalulekile, ngaphandle lapho bantfu batawuvuswa inzuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma iyiphi inkampani kufanele ahlaziye izindleko zawo. Ukuze imali engenayo, umenzi idinga ukugcina izindleko zakho ezingeni akukho ephakeme kuka adingekayo emphakathini. Nakhu ukuthi ukusebenzisa imithetho kwezomnotho endaweni umnotho emakethe.

Umthetho emakethe yakhoibrium

Kuleli zwe lanamuhla kunemithetho kwezomnotho endaweni umnotho emakethe ezahlukene. Kanjani lezi zilinganiso njalo ushintsha uhlelo? Umnotho emakethe is zihlukaniswa kusuka isimiso, akunakwenzeka ukubikezela lapho isiqondiso ke izoya kusasa. Uhwebelano futhi ibhizinisi ukukhiqiza eningi izici ezithinta intengo.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi idatha, izazi ziye zavela umthetho emakethe zilingana. Kuziwa ngesikhathi lapho ivolumu ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona uqhathaniswa. Umlawuli eyinhloko Lobu buhlobo intengo. Kwaneliswe isidingo ivumela zezomnotho ukunquma izinsiza eziningi kanjani kanye nemikhiqizo ezidingekayo ukuze umnotho jikelele. Sinini yakhoibrium emakethe, ivuliwe isandla kokubili abakhiqizi futhi abathengi.

Kulesi simo, abathengi uphiwa izimpahla kuphela njengoba khulu njengoba they angaba namandla okuwunikela. Akukho izimo kubaluleke ukusebenza kwemithetho kwezomnotho endaweni umnotho emakethe. Ngo khona kwale isici, umenzi akanayo ukuqeda izimpahla ngokweqile elibizwa ngokulahlekelwa kwakhe. Market yakhoibrium evumela umnikazi umkhiqizo noma isevisi bechuma nokuthuthukisa amabhizinisi abo, okuyinto kuhle emnothweni.

nebubi emakethe

Encwadini umnotho emakethe has nezihibe oqondile. uhlelo ezinjalo ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu ukulingana emphakathini. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesimo ukusatshalaliswa engenayo. Imakethe yakhelwe kangangokuba kungabikho muntu owake ngempela acebile kanye nezinye ngesikhathi esifanayo bangaba abampofu.

Umnotho enjalo ayinikezi njalo emsebenzini kuzo zonke izakhamuzi. Esikhathini nezimo zezimakethe umuntu ngamunye kufanele ukuzinakekela. I-UN kulinganiselwa ukuthi kule minyaka nanamashumi amahlanu eminyaka, igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu selikhule ezingaphezu kuka kabili. Le ndlela kuyinto isihloko ukugxekwa Abasekeli imibono leftist nabaphikisana zama-Capitalist.