I-cruiser iyinhlangano yemikhumbi yokulwa: izici, injongo. Imikhumbi Yomkhumbi WaseRussia

I-cruiser iyinhlangano yemikhumbi yempi ephezulu yokulwa okungenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene kwimodi yokuzimela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi imikhumbi eyinhloko. Muva nje, lolu hlobo lwemikhumbi lusetshenziselwa izingxenye ezihlanganisiwe zezindiza, ezakhiwe ngamayunithi amaningana, nemikhumbi ehlose uhlobo oluthile lokusebenza (ngokuyinhloko ukuphikiswa okunamandla emoyeni, emhlabathini nasolwandle izinhlobo zokusiza isitha). Njengamanje, abagibeli basetshenziselwa iNavy Navy yaseRussia, i-United States ne-Peru.

Ulwazi jikelele

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-navy kwaqala kusukela ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRussia. Amanye amazwe kulokhu aphinde azame ukuqhubeka. Ikakhulukazi iqondene ne-USA, France, Germany, Japan nase Great Britain. I-cruiser ingenye yezingxenye zebutho, ukuqinisekisa ubukhosi bombuso nokuyivikela eminyangweni yezitha. Imikhumbi ye-Flotilla ayihlinzeki nje kuphela ukulawula umngcele wamanzi, kodwa futhi isekela ingxenye yomhlaba.

I-Navy inemisebenzi eminingi. Phakathi kwabo:

1. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezwe.
2. Ukusekela imikhankaso ehlukahlukene yokusiza nokucwaninga engahambisani nezithakazelo zombuso.
3. Ukuqhuba ukuvivinya kwangaphakathi nokuhlanganyela.

Ngokuphathelene ne-orientation ehlukile, imikhumbi ihlukaniswe ngokwezinhlu zazo, kuye ngezinhloso zabo eziyinhloko. Amakilasi ezitshengiswayo, ahlukaniswe abe yizigaba ezingaphansi. Umehluko phakathi kwabo luhlobo lwesitshalo samandla, ukufuduka, inhloso, ukutholakala kwamakhono engeziwe. ERussia kunezinhlu ezine zemikhumbi, ephezulu kunazo zonke ezokuqala. Okokuqala cabanga ngezici, izici ezimfushane nezinhloso zabagibeli.

Izikhathi zomlando

Umqondo we "cruiser" wokusetshenziswa kabanzi wafika ngekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa. Ngalesi sikhathi ngalezo zinsuku kwakusho idivayisi yokubhukuda ngokuzimela. Leli gama lalihloswe kakhulu ekunqumeni injongo yomkhumbi kunomshini walo. Ngabo ngokwabo, imikhumbi yayincane, inesivinini futhi ihamba kahle. Zasetshenziselwa ukuhlonishwa, ukudluliswa kolwazi, isenzo ngasinye ekuvikeleni izindawo kanye nokulwa kwempi.

Kakade ngekhulu le-18, i-cruiser iyi-frigate, ehambisana nobukhulu be-compact inejubane elikhulu. Linezikhali zezikhali. Futhi kulesi sigaba kuhlanganisa i-corvettes, i-brigs, i-sloops kanye nezinye izinguquko zemishini yokubhukuda.

I-Linear Cruiser: Okuyisisekelo

Izitsha ezinjalo ziyingxenye yemikhumbi eqinile yemikhumbi. Ukubukeka kwabo kwakubangelwa ingqungquthela ekhethekile yempi yaseWashington. Abameleli bamabutho aseBrithani, bephethe izikhali zabo ezinamandla, ezisebenzayo futhi ezibiza kakhulu ze-Hawkins type, emva kokuzama ukushintsha imingcele yabagibeli abavela kumhlangano wenkomfa bafuna ukwamukelwa kwemingcele ethile kule ndaba. Ngenxa yalokho, izidingo zabahamba ngezinyawo zazibandakanya ukufuduka okungaphezulu kwamathani angu-10 kanye nokulinganisa kwezikhali ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-203.

Ngo-1936, isivumelwano esisha sabhaliswa ngokuhlanganyela kwe-United States, iBrithani neFrance. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi eqinile kwavinjelwa kuze kufike ngo-1942. Mayelana nalokhu, i-cruiser ehamba phambili yaqala ukuba nengalo ebuthakathaka, ukuhamba okuphansi kanye nentengo ephansi. Ngokuyinhloko lokhu kusebenza kuma-sampuli ohlobo "York", "County" nase "Surrey".

Bazama ukwakha imikhumbi efanayo eSoviet Union. Izitsha zohlobo lwe-Kronstadt zazikwazi ukuthwala izikhali eziyizikhali ezingu-305-millimeter futhi zahlonywa nezikhali eziqinisiwe. Kwabanjwa abagibeli ababili ngo-1939, kodwa ekuqaleni kwempi ukwakhiwa kwabo kwakumiswa.

Atomewater

I-nuclear cruiser e-USSR yayimelelwe ngamayunithi amane weprojekthi No. 58 ("Grozny"). Babekwa njengababhubhisi, kodwa ngo-1977 babuyiselwa emikhumbi ye-missile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngo-1970 kuya ku-1990, kwakhiwa izinhlanzi eziyisithupha ze-nyukliya, i-Arctic, eziningi zazo ezahlala kule phrojekthi noma zaguqulelwa kwezinye izinhlobo.

I-cruiser "Inkazimulo" yaba enye yemikhumbi eyithole ukukhiqizwa okulinganiselwe. Ikhophi eyodwa yayakhiwe cishe iminyaka emine. Isizukulwane esisha sezindiza zeSoviet senzelwe ukuhamba emanzini avulekile olwandle. Inhloso yabo eyinhloko ukubhekana nokushaqeka imiyalo yezindiza, izimoto ezinama-amphibious, ukulwa nemikhonto ehlukahlukene kanye nokwesekwa kwamandla emhlabathini nasemanzini.

Izimpawu zomkhumbi ophezulu wokulwa "Udumo":

• Ubude / ububanzi / okusalungiswa - 187/19 / 7.5 amamitha;
• Isitshalo samandla - izinjini ze-gas turbine;
• Umkhumbi unesipulatifomu sokubeka iziqalisi zesigaba sendawo phezulu;
• Amandla - amabutho angaphansi komhlaba, ama-torpedoes ngokumelene nemikhumbi engaphansi komhlaba, izibhamu eziphikisana nezindiza kanye nezibhamu zemishini, kungenzeka ukuthi i-helicopter yempi isekelwe.

Ukuguqulwa okulula

I-cruiser elula yenza ukwanda kwentando yeningi ekuqaleni kwemashumi amathathu ekhulwini lokugcina. Kube nezizathu eziningana zalokhu:

1. Kwakulula ukugcina izivumelwano eziphakathi kwezinto ezihlomile zomkhumbi.
2. Umkhumbi waba ngcono futhi wanda ngokushesha, okwenza ukuba ukwazi ukuyisebenzisa ngemisebenzi ekhethekile kakhulu.
3. Izindleko zokwakha iyunithi eyodwa ziyeke kakhulu.

Imikhumbi yeSoviet Navy iye yagcwaliswa yibo abahamba ngeProjekthi 26. Imikhumbi yenzelwe ukubamba iqhaza kochwepheshe base-Italy, ibonakala ngezikhali ezinamandla kanye nesivinini esikhulu. Ukuphutha kuhlanganisa uhla lokuhamba ngezinyawo olufushane, izinga eliphansi lokubhuka kanye nokuhamba phansi kolwandle. Ema-forties ekhulwini lama-20, ngesisekelo salezi zinhlobo ze-prototypes, kwasungulwa izimboni eziningi zeProjekthi 68, ezahlukaniswa nezinkomba ezivikelekile nezolwandle.

Imikhumbi Yomkhumbi WaseRussia

Izimoto zanamuhla zaseRussia yimboni eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa. Ngo-2014, i-Navy yathola imikhumbi emisha emihlanu, imikhumbi engaphansi kwemikhumbi kanye nezikebhe eziningana ngezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ukwengeza, amaphrojekthi anezikhali eziqhamuka ezikhalimeni asethuthukiswa futhi adalwe.

Isisekelo samandla emvelo sihlanganisa:

• Imikhumbi emikhulu yokulwa nomkhumbi;
• Abagibeli bempi;
• Ababhubhisi bezempi, kanye nokuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwezikebhe, izinsizakalo nezesekelo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, le mikhumbi izogcwaliswa ngamagumbi okugcina amanje. Phakathi kwabo, imikhumbi engaphansi kwamabili, imikhumbi emelene nemikhumbi kanye nababhubhisi.

Yini ezokwenzisana nesimanje?

Kuhlelwe ukuthuthukisa i-TAVKR "i-Admiral Kuznetsov". Izoba iziqhumane eziqhakazile "i-Granite", ezokwandisa indawo ye-hangar yendiza ibe ngamamitha ayisigidi angu-4,500. Impi izoqiniswa ngama-anti-aircraft complexes besebenzisa amacala asezingeni eliphakathi.

Imikhumbi, ebizwa ngokuthi abaqondisi: Nakhimov, Ushakov, neLazarev, izophinde ibe yamuva. "UPeter Omkhulu" yi-cruiser yohlobo oluthile, oluhlelwe futhi ukuthi luzoguqulwa ngo-2020. Ukubuyekezwa kuzothinta ngokuyinhloko ukufakwa kwezinhlelo ezintsha zokuzivikela, zokubuyiselwa kanye ne-radar.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinhlelweni zokuthuthukisa yizikebhe zamaphrojekthi Nos 877, 971, 945 ("Paltus", "Pike", "Barracuda", "Condor"). Ngokusobala, bayobe benemishini yokulwa nezindiza zamanje nezinqola. Ngokuvamile, lezi zizoba imikhumbi yokulwa yonke indawo, eqondiswe ukulwa nomhlabathi wesitha, amandla omoya nolwandle.

Umkhumbi "uVasily Bykov"

Izinhlobo zabahambahambayo kulolu chungechunge zenzelwe ukulandelela indawo yomnotho, ukuvikela umngcele wamanzi wendawo, ukuvikela amakhemikhali e-pirate, ukuqapha kwemvelo, kanye nokulanda nokucinga ngemikhumbi ethintekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le cruiser iyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

1. Vikela futhi uhambisane nemikhumbi yezohwebo noma ezempi.
2. Yenza umsebenzi wepolisi nenkululeko.
3. Isetshenziswa njengedivayisi yezokwelapha.

Kuyishumi nambili ukuguqulwa kulindeleke eminyakeni emihlanu elandelayo. Le cruiser ngumkhumbi okuthiwa ngemuva kweqhawe lase-USSR, i-Admiral Vral V. Bykov.

Amathemba

Umklamo wezokuthutha izindiza eziqhubekayo waqalwa ngo-2005. Ngokwezinhlelo, umkhumbi ngo-2017 kwakufanele uthathe indawo eNyakatho Fleet yaseRussia. Noma kunjalo, ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, izimo nezidingo zashintshwa njalo, okwaholela enkambisweni ende. Ngo-2013, kwahlelwa isikhankaso, okwethulwa yi-Krylov State Research Center kanye ne-Nevsky Design Bureau.

Abaqambi bamemezele ukuthi kukhona amaphrojekthi amathathu, intengo ngayinye lapho emva kokuqaliswa kokuphila kuyoba ngamabhiliki ayi-130 billion. Isikhathi esiseduze sokwakhiwa kwemasampuli yiminyaka eyi-10.

Imikhumbi emisha yeNavy Russian izoba nalezi zici ezilandelayo:

1. Unokufuduka kwamathani angaphansi kuka-80 000.
2. Uhlome izinketho ezine kanye ne-pairboardsboard.
3. Uhlome izinkampani ezimbalwa.
4. Ukukwazi ukubhekana nezinqola eziningana ezinamaphiko, kanye nokuhlasela kwezindiza.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulungiswe uhlelo lwe-radar kule mikhumbi, efana ne-analogue ethuthukisiwe ye-Mars-Passat, kanye nezinhlelo ezihambisana nezinye izinhlobo ze-radar.

Amaqiniso anentshisekelo

Umlando wabantu abahamba ngezinyawo ukhombisa ukuthi le mikhumbi ibilokhu idinga ku-Navy iminyaka eminingana. Imikhumbi yanamuhla ingenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yempi, futhi inikeze usizo olukhulu ekuqedeni izingozi nezingozi.

Izimoto zaseRussia, naphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga, zihlala ezikhundleni eziphambili phakathi kwamandla omkhumbi omhlaba. Kuhlelwe ukudala imikhumbi emisha, enezici eziphakeme kakhulu. Imingcele eminingi yamaphrojekthi igcinwa yimfihlo. Kodwa-ke, kwaziwa ukuthi ukuguqulwa eziningana kuthuthukiswa. Phakathi kwabo:

• Imikhumbi ye-Sentry ezindaweni ezikude zasolwandle (iphrojekthi No. 11356).
• Amafrigates amasha kakhulu oLwandle Olumnyama.
• Umbhubhisi "Umholi".
• Umthwali wezindiza ngaphansi kwephrojekthi ye-KGNTS MVMS-2013.

Zonke izenzakalo zihlomele imishini nezikhali zesigodi sakamuva, zinganqoba ngokulingana okulinganayo nama-analogues angaphandle edume kakhulu.