Bertrand Model Basics kanye Izici

Umncintiswano kuyisisekelo imodeli emakethe umnotho. Kuyinto ngenxa yalesi simo Kumiswa okubizwa ngokuthi intengo yakhoibrium elanelisa kokubili abathengi kanye abathengi. imodeli Bertrand uchaza lesi simo eyisisekelo emnothweni emakethe. Kwakuthinta zavela ngo-1883 e isibuyekezo sencwadi ethi "izimiso Mathematical inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ingcebo." Umbhali zokugcina echazwe imodeli Cournot. Bertrand mina akazange avumelane iziphetho ososayensi. Ukubuyekezwa, yena washayelwa model, kodwa izibalo echazwe Frensis Edzhuort kuphela ngo-1889.

ezizathwini

Bertrand imodeli uchaza isimo oligopoly. zikhona izinkampani okungenani ezimbili emakethe ukuthi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo eyohlobo. Abakwazi babambisane. Amankampani bancintisane ngekubeka izintengo imikhiqizo yabo. Njengoba imikhiqizo eyohlobo, ukufunwa izimpahla eshibhile ngokushesha sisuka nje. Uma bobabili amafemu usethe intengo esifanayo, ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili alinganayo. Bertrand imodeli akuyona kuphela ezifanelekela isimo duopoly, kodwa lapho abakhiqizi emakethe miningi. Nokho, kucatshangwa Ukhiye homogeneity imikhiqizo yabo. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi izinkampani zobuchwepheshe zihlukile akukho. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izindleko zabo eziseceleni nemibhalo isilinganiso ayafana futhi ngokuncintisana ontengo yakhe yayinqunyiwe. Khulisa amafemu ukukhiqizwa ungakwazi bangaphezi. Kusobala ukuthi uyokwenza kanjalo nje intengo emakethe ihlanganisa izindleko zabo. Uma kuwukuthi ngaphansi, ukukhiqizwa akwenzi mqondo. Akekho izosebenza at ukulahlekelwa.

Bertrand Model Basics kanye Izici

Kodwa uyini isu lapho inkampani ayoyikhetha? Kubonakala sengathi bonke abakhiqizi obabuyozuzisa uma ngamunye wabo sizomisa amanani aphezulu. Nokho, uBertrand oyisibonelo ubonisa ukuthi esimweni lapho amafemu musa babambisane nomunye, ngeke kwenzeke. amanani abiza ilingana izindleko abekelwe emaceleni, ngokuhambisana Nash zilingana. Kodwa kungani kunjalo? Ngempela, kulesi simo, umuntu akakwazi ukwenza inzuzo?

Ake sithi inkampani usetha ngentengo ukuthi mkhulu kunabo izindleko zalo abekelwe emaceleni, kanti eyesibili - akukho. Akunzima ukuze kubikezelwe okuzokwenzeka ngemva kuleli cala. Bonke abathengi bancamela somkhiqizo ngokuqinile yesibili. Bertrand imodeli, izimo ezinjalo ukuthi yokugcina uzokwazi ukwandisa umkhiqizo unomphela.

Ake sithi kokubili amafemu usethe intengo efanayo, njengoba ingaphezulu kuka izindleko zabo onganakiwe. Lena isimo eziguquguqukayo. Ngamunye izinkampani uzofuna ukuceka intengo ukuthi zilawule emakethe. Ngakho-ke uzokwazi ukwandisa inzuzo yayo licishe laphindeka kabili. Ayikho yakhoibrium esitebeleni esimweni lapho kokubili amafemu izintengo ehlukene zingaphezu izindleko onganakiwe. Bonke abathengi siye ngaphesheya lapho izimpahla eshibhile. Ngakho-ke, i-yakhoibrium kungenzeka kuphela esimweni lapho kokubili amafemu izintengo ukuthi ayalingana izindleko onganakiwe.

Cournot imodeli

Umbhali "izimiso zezibalo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela ingcebo," wayekholelwa ukuthi intengo uhlale mkhulu kunezinhliziyo izindleko abekelwe emaceleni bezimpahla ezikhiqiziwe, ngoba amafemu ngokwabo abakhetha inani udaba lwabo. imodeli Bertrand ubonisa ukuthi akusiyo. Nokho, zonke ekucabangeleni lisebenzisa abangu zavela Cournot. Phakathi kwabo:

• Emakethe ezingaphezu kweyodwa ngokuqinile. Nokho, imikhiqizo ukuthi kuzala kuyinto eyohlobo.
• Amankampani bengayi noma ungafuni ukuba abambisane.
• Isixazululo ngayinye izinkampani empikiswaneni kwenkululeko nomthelela nimi intengo emakethe imikhiqizo.
• Abakhiqizi isinyathelo ngendlela ehluzekile futhi ucabange osendaweni, efuna ukukhulisa inzuzo yabo.

Qhathanisa onobuhle

Bertrand Umncintiswano ukunciphisa intengo, Cournot - ukukhulisa okukhiphayo. Kodwa lapho imodeli ilungile ngaphezulu? Bertrand wathi ukuthi izimiso duopoly amafemu ziyophoqeleka ukusetha izintengo ezingeni yezindleko yabo onganakiwe. Ngakho-ke, esikhathini sokuphela, bonke kuzoncishiswa mncintiswano ephelele. Nokho, umkhuba kuvela ukuthi hhayi yonke imikhakha lula kangaka ukushintsha ivolumu sendaba, njengoba kuphakanyiswe Bertrand. Kulokhu, kangcono uchaza isimo Cournot imodeli. kokubili kungasetshenziswa kwezinye izimo. Ngo esigabeni sokuqala, amafemu ukukhetha amavolumu okukhipha, kwesibili - ncintisana Bertrand imodeli, ukubeka amanani. Endaweni ehlukile, kumelwe sicabangele isimo lapho isibalo amafemu emakethe ivame infinity. Khona-ke imodeli Cournot ebonisa ukuthi amanani ayalingana izindleko onganakiwe. Ngakho, kulezi izimo, zonke ezisebenza ngokuhambisana iziphetho Bertrand.

ukugxekwa

Bertrand imodeli isebenzisa ekucabangeleni Sikude kakhulu empilweni yangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi abathengi bathambekele ukuthenga umkhiqizo nengabizi. Nokho, empeleni emakethe akunakudluliswa intengo mncintiswano. Imikhiqizo umahluko, hhayi eyohlobo. Kukhona izindleko zokuhamba. Akekho ofuna ukuya kabili kuze ukuthenga izimpahla eshibhile 1%, uma uzochitha kule ingaphezu kuka-1% intengo. Qonda futhi abakhiqizi. Ngakho-ke, ekuphileni kwangempela, uBertrand imodeli ngokuvamile akusebenzi.

Omunye umehluko obalulekile wukuthi akukho inkampani kungase practice hhayi ukwandisa umthamo ukukhiqizwa unomphela. It yaphawula okwengeziwe Edgeworth. Amanani empilweni yangempela akuhambisani kuya abekelwe emaceleni abakhiqizi izindleko. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-choice isu ngisho simple, njengoba Nash zilingana.

practice

Bertrand oyisibonelo ubonisa ukuthi oligopoly kuyinto isigaba esimaphakathi. Uma amafemu abavumelani futhi yasenzela phansi imizamo yabo, bona bathengise impahla yabo ngamanani ulingana izindleko onganakiwe. Akekho uzolahlekelwa, kodwa ngeke bathole umholo. isimo Better libukeka practice. amafemu eziningana ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo efanayo, kuba lula ngokwanele ukuvumelana. Lokhu kuzuzisa ngisho nakakhulu kubo bonke. Kulokhu, intengo emakethe isethwe ilingane esinakho. Ngamunye yezinkampani esikhiqiza izimpahla okungaphansi kwenkululeko izici zayo. Buhle yangempela ekuphileni amafemu bengathola kuphela ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha.