Alt - kuyini?

U-Alto akuyona nje uhlobo lwezwi le-opera, kodwa futhi nomculo womculo wezinsimbi zomculo. Kulesi sihloko sizohlaziya kokubili ukushiwo kwalesi gama.

Isixhobo somculo

I-al iyinsimbi yomculo, uhlobo nomshini ofana ne-violin, kodwa uhlukile kuwo ngobukhulu obukhulu. Kungenxa yobukhulu bayo ukuthi i-alto izwakala ephansi kakhulu kune-violin.

Sekuyisikhathi eside le nsimbi yanikezwa indima encane kakhulu kuma-orchestra, ngoba yayihloselwe ukusebenza kwamazwi ajwayelekile kuphela abaqambi abangazange bathande ukuthandwa nabo.

Isikhathi

Njengezinsimbi eziningi ze-violin , i-viola yavuka eminyakeni engu-15-16. Umsunguli wezemidlalo waseSoviet uStruve wayekholelwa ukuthi waba ukhokho wendlu yonke yomnsalo futhi waba ngowokuqala ukujoyina ama-orchestra engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-16. Ngalesi sikhathi indawo ehamba phambili phakathi kwamazwi omculo yayihlala i-violas ephezulu. I-Alt yayiseduze nale nsimbi ngokuzwakalayo nobukhulu bayo, futhi lokhu kwakungenye yezizathu eziyinhloko ukuthi wangena kwi-orchestra njengezwi eliphakathi, ngokuvumelana ngokuhambisana neziphezulu. Ngakho i-viola yaba uhlobo lwebhuloho phakathi kwendlala yokufa yemindeni yomndeni kanye nokubonakala kwezixhobo ze-violin.

Umlando wezokuthuthukiswa

Ngakho-ke, isikhathi esiningi sasihlala esikhundleni sezwi elincane ngaphansi kwe-orchestra. Lesi yisizathu sokuthi abaculi nabo babonise ukunganaki isitsha. Ukudlala ngokukhethekile kwi-viola akuzange kufundwe, futhi abadlali be-violinists-abalahlekile abangakwazi ukudlala noma yikuphi okunye ukudlala ku-orchestra. Lokhu kwandisa kakhulu isimo, kuqinisekisa umbono wokungabaza nokuzikhohlisa wabathengi mayelana ne-viola.

Kodwa-ke, zonke lezi zikhalo zazingavumelekile ngokuphelele. Leli thuluzi lalinamathuba amakhulu kakhulu, kwakudingeka umuntu kuphela owazibona futhi engesabi ukuwabeka emphakathini. Waba u-Etienne Mayul (1763-1817), owabhala i-Opera u-Uthal, lapho ingxenye eyinhloko neyodwa ephethe izintambo yayinikezwa i-viola.

Ngomnyaka we-1834, ummangali omkhulu we-instrument, uHector Berlioz wadala i-symphony ebizwa nge "Harold e-Italy", lapho iqembu elikhulu lafika khona. Ngokombiko, uBerlioz wayilindele ukuthi iPaganini izoyidlala ebusuku, kodwa ukufa komculi kwayivimbela.

Izizathu zokungavumeli

I-Alt (bona isithombe sensimbi kulesi sihloko), simile phakathi kwe-violin ne-cello, ithambekele ngaphezulu kokuqala. Ngaphezu kwesakhiwo nesimo esifanayo sokudlala, lezi zinsimbi nazo zinezintambo ezintathu ezifanayo ezifana ngokuphelele nomsindo. Kodwa-ke, ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 lemibono umbono wokuthi alto uzwakala isisindo nokuqhaqhazela kwaqiniswa. Kungani ayehluke kakhulu "nodadewabo" wakhe omnandi futhi oqhakazile?

Into yokuthi izitsha, ezakhiwe ngokuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho nemigomo, azizange zisetshenziswe kuma-orchestras ngaleso sikhathi, njengoba abaculi-abalahlekile bebanakukwazi ukudlala. Ngakho-ke, abaphathi be-violin baphoqeleka ukuba balungise izinsimbi zabadlali abangafuni ukwenza noma yikuphi ukuzama ukuthola ikhono elisha lomdlalo. Ngakho wazalelwa i-alto-nedomerok, okuyinto, ngokungahambisani nomsindo wayo ophikisayo, yathandwa hhayi kuphela phakathi kwabaculi, kodwa futhi phakathi kwabaqambi. Kubalulekile ngalokhu ukuthi le nsimbi yaqashelwa yiParis Conservatoire.

Futhi ngasekupheleni kuka-19 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, i-viola yangempela yabuyela ku-orchestra, ekugcineni ishintshe ikhophi yayo embi.

Isimo sabaculi

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi abaculi abaziwa kakhulu njengePaganini, Alar, Vietnam, Sivori, babethanda izingqwembe zezinhlamvu ukuze benze izingxenye ze-viola futhi babengenamahloni ngokuphelele ngalokhu. Futhi uViatan wayesebenze ngisho nomsebenzi weNkosikazi edumile uMagini, lapho umdlali odlala khona ngesikhathi samakhonsathi akhe. Futhi u-Alesandro Rolla, uthisha wePaganini, waqonda kahle leli thuluzi, okwaholela ekulaleleni izilaleli.

Ngakho-ke, abaculi abaqeqeshiwe kuphela abangakwazi ukudlala kahle kwi-viola futhi abazange babeke ngezansi ezinye izinsimbi ze-violin.

Isimo sengqondo sabaqambi

I-Alt iyisithakazelo esingathandeki sokuqala komculo we-orchestra, isimo sengqondo esithinta ukushintsha kokufika komculo we-polyphonic we-Handel no-Bach. Labaqambi babalinganisa amalungelo akhe ne-violin yesibili.

Nokho, ngaphansi kwethonya lesikole saseNapolitan, inani lensimbi liqala ukuwa futhi. Futhi abaqambi bayathumela ngokuqhubekayo ukuqinisa amazwi aphansi. Okufanayo kungatholakala eHaydn, Gluck naseMozart phakathi kwamanye amazwe naseTchaikovsky naseGlinka phakathi kwabaqambi bekhaya.

Ukufika kukaBeethoven kumculo kubhalwe ukugquma kwe-viola. Leli thuluzi lagcina lifanelekile, lithole amazwi amabili.

Ithuluzi Lokusebenza

I-Alt iyisithuluzi esinezintambo ezilinganiselwe kulesihlanu ngaphansi kwe-violin, futhi i-octave ephakeme kune-cello. Ibanga elivame kakhulu lingaphakathi kwe-octave elincane ne-3rd octave, kodwa ungakwazi ukudlala imisindo ephezulu. Amanothi angabhalwa nge-violin kanye ne-alto okhiye.

Amamukeli womdlalo

I-violinist enhle izoshintshela kalula ku-viola. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi amasu kanye nemivimbo yomdlalo yalezi zinsimbi zifanayo. Umehluko kuphela yomsindo, awuncane kakhulu, okhanyayo futhi ophazamisekile, ngisho nendawo encane.

Isikhathi esithile esinjalo siwumphumela wesayizi womzimba wamathuluzi, ongahambisani nesakhiwo saso. Uma wenza i-viola, ngeke kwenzeke ukuyibeka ehlombe lakho, kodwa ungayidlala njenge-violoncello.

Esikhundleni somdlali we-solo, i-viola yenza ngokungajwayelekile. Ngokuvamile le nsimbi iyingxenye ye-string or symphony orchestra, lapho enza khona amagama aphakathi. I-viola iyingxenye yezingqimba zezintambo nezinhlobonhlobo zamakamelo ahlukahlukene.

Uqala nini ukufunda ukudlala i-viola?

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, ungabi yi-viola. Ubufakazi bomculi bubonisa ukuthi ukuqonda lesi sitsha kumele uqale ufunde ukudlala i-violin. E-alt badlula ngemuva kokuphela kwesikole somculo kuma-conservatories nama-colleges. Ngokuvamile abaculi abanesidumbu esikhulu kanye nomzimba omkhulu bakhetha le nsimbi.

I-Altgorn

Kukhona enye ingoma yomculo ebizwa ngokuthi i-alto (ithuluzi lesithombe ozibona ngenhla), noma i-Altgorn. Kuyinto ithuluzi lensimbi elomndeni we-saxgorns. Ububanzi bezwi livela ku-big to b flat 1 octave. Ukuzwakala kwayo akusizi kahle futhi kungenangqondo, yingakho umlenze usetshenziswa kuphela ngethusi, ikakhulukazi ngokomthetho, ama-orchestra. Ngokuvamile unikezwa isilinganiso samazwi.

I-Alt: izwi

U-Altom yizwi lomntwana kusuka octave encane kuze kube yi-octave yesibili kanye ne-octave encane yamantombazane. Leli lizwi lingaphezu kwe-tenor, okuvame ukuhola ingoma enkulu. Amanothi avamile kakhulu usawoti we-octave encane nemili ye-octave yesibili. In the choir kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze violas: owokuqala nowesibili.

I-viola yokuqala neyesibili

Eyokuqala inevolumu kusuka ezincane kuya kwesigaba se-octave yesibili. Imisindo engezansi yalolu luhlu lube buthaka futhi buthule ngesikhathi esifanayo, kodwa luya phezulu, luyaqina, luzuze amandla, ubuhlakani nokufutheka. Amanothi amabili angenhla angabizwa ngisho nokukhamuluka nokuphuza. Imisindo enhle kakhulu ivela ku-1 kuya ku-2 octaves. Ngaphakathi kwalezi zimingcele, i-alto ingahlinzeka nge-shades ehlukene: kusuka ku-piano emnene kuya kwi-forte ekhazimulayo nekhazimulayo.

Futhi izwi le-violas yokuqala libizwa ngokuthi i-mezzo-soprano. Uhlinzeka ngamazwi akhe okubhala ngokubhala nokuveza imizwa.

I-altos yesibili izwakala nge-octave encane bese ifinyelela ku-octave yokuqala. Izici zabo zesici - ubunzima nobukhulu bezwi, okuthinta kakhulu ukuguquguquka nokuhamba. Futhi leli gama libizwa ngokuthi i-contralto.