Uyini isilandiso? Ukuchaza umqondo

Kunzima ngokwanele ukuba achaze lokho isilandiso, njengoba leli gama lisetshenziswa ezindaweni okuphambene kakhulu yolwazi - kusukela izibalo ukuze yikuphi ukuhlakanipha yezilimi. Leli gama lisuselwa kusukela Latin praedicatum futhi uhumusha ngokuthi "ithi", okungukuthi, lokho kubonisa ukuthi isihloko okwamanje, bathi - akunandaba nge nokunqatshelwa noma ukwamukelwa. It is kabanzi njengendlela eside isilandiso e yezilimi, ikakhulukazi izinhlelo terminological baseNtshonalanga Yurophu. IsiRashiya yaziwa ukuthi isilandiso ezinjalo, kodwa siye esikhundleni elithi "isilandiso", nakuba lena akuyona ngempela into efanayo.

Umcabango

Kunokuba yiluphi ulwazi ngalesi sihloko lungase lwenze udluliselwe yilo eside. Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi yini isilandiso kungenziwa ngaphambili, lapho ethulwa nalokho izidingo semantic. Uma ucacise Imfanelo into, futhi isimo ke, kanye sengqondo kwezinye izinto, khona-ke singazuza besebenzisa lelogama. Ngokusobala udvwebela khona noma ingabe ukuphendula kokuba ngomqondo ajwayelekile izwi hhayi umbuzo yini isilandiso, kusukela akukho ukwahlulelwa kuwo. Ngokwesibonelo: unicorns abekho; Lokhu cherry; alimondi - a hhayi nut. Kuzo zonke lezi imiyalelo izinto kungekho isilandiso.

Modern logic isiqondiso ngokuvamile sithathelwe indawo nomqondo isilandiso omunye okuthiwa umsebenzi propositional, lapho ama-agumenti emikhulu actants - into futhi isihloko. ukudideka Terminological ayikwazanga kugwenywe imikhakha yolimi nendlela okunengqondo, kodwa parlance enezilimi ezivamile, le nkulumo njalo wasebenzisa phambi kwethu. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwi anjengokuthi isilandiso isilandiso exhunywe isici esisemthethweni lomusho. Zingaba okuzisholo, ngamazwi, nokunye. Nakuba incazelo isilandiso lubonakaliswa izici zayo methodological.

izinhlobo isilandiso

Phakathi izinhlobo semantic taxonomic elingalodwa, zingubudlelwane izilinganiso esisihlukanisayo. iphuzu Taxonomic i class into. Ngokwesibonelo: izicathulo ozithandayo - nazicathulo ukhuni esekhulile - yemisedarid entsha ifilimu - fantasy. Zingubudlelwane isilandiso - inkomba Inani ngendlela okuphethwe ngayo entweni eyodwa uyalandisa kwenye. Ngokwesibonelo: ku Bast Bast uya; umsedari - kusuka zikaphayini umndeni; fantasy - uhlobo eqanjiwe. isilandiso esibonisa abonisa izimfanelo lezinto static noma ashukumisayo, lezivakashi noma unomphela. Ngokwesibonelo: izimbadada ezigugile; umsedari ikhula; fantasy udonsa.

Ngokukhethekile kufanele kukhokhelwe uhlobo, othiwa kokuhlaziywa isilandiso. Ngokwesibonelo: Bast - izicathulo eco-friendly; Cedars mihle kakhulu; fantasy ukuzigcina umbukeli inganekwane. Kukhona amagama, isilandiso lohlobo kwasendaweni lubandlululo kanye yesikhashana. Ngokwesibonelo: e ikhabethe Bast; zikaphayini Izigaxa kuyoba ngo-September; fantasy ukufunda ekhaya. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukucacisa uhlobo isilandiso akulula kanjalo yingoba izinhlobo ezahlukene ulimi tiniketwe ngokuvamile syncretic. Okungukuthi, umuntu isenzo ungaboniswa ubuhlobo hhayi kuphela lezinto nomunye, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye nezici, futhi kwasendaweni.

omunye ngezigaba

Kungenzeka zokuhlukanisa la mazwi futhi ezinye izizathu. Thayipha kuncike kudlala indima juqu: ephansi-oda umenzi izinhlangano impahla, nangaphezulu - libhekene izinhlobo ezahlukene angaphatheki. Lapha ngokucijile waqhathanisa izinhlobo ezimbili: labo eziphathelene emcimbini futhi echaza invariant siphakamiso. Ngokwesibonelo: nje izolo waklebhula izimbadada - izimbadada kudabuke, kodwa izolo - kuyangabazeka kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho lokhu ngezigaba, kubalulekile ukuba bahlukanise ngenani isilandiso actants. Single: Bast - lula; umsedari - ezinamandla; double: l Apti ukukhanya ngezinyawo zakhe; umsedari embozwe ilanga; kathathu: izimbadada kulula izinyawo ngenkathi ehamba; umsedari embozwe ilanga ngoba ihlathi. Enye indlela ingahlukaniswa yokuqala oda isilandiso (esuselwe - umsedari imele); oda yesibili (ethathwe ngowokuqala - umsedari ukumelana); Ukuze wesithathu (derivatives wesibili), njalo njalo.

definition

Ubuhlakani kanye yezilimi isilandiso - kuba isilandiso sokwahlulela, ukuthi yinto wazwakalisa ekuphikeni noma ukwamukelwa tesifundvo. La mazwi abonisa ukuba khona noma ukungabi endabeni imfanelo. Kusukela umbono wesayensi yezilimi, ibhekisela isilandiso semantic futhi syntactic. Kugcine - elementi isakhiwo ebusweni, okungukuthi, isilandiso, kanye sokuqala umnyombo ukuhlelwa semantic, ukukwazi isimo ulimi, okungukuthi, engasho lutho enuzi.

Ngendlela efanayo a isilandiso semantic umelwe ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene kanye ezingeni isakhiwo ebusweni. Omunye ukuxhumana phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili izinhlobo isilandiso Akubangelwa phi of them zingabonisa isimo esifanayo. Ngokwesibonelo: Ngifaka izimbadada ibe ekhoneni; Ngabeka izimbadada ibe ekhoneni; owaphakanyiswa engela Bast. Ngokuvamile, inkinga akanayo yezilimi isixazululo libhekisela kwencazelo nomqondo isilandiso. Impendulo omuhle kwakuyoba kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa imiqondo - the semantic futhi syntactic, kodwa isilandiso ongakabi wathola incazelo ecacile.

umqondo

Esikhathini amagama ukuthini igama elithi "isilandiso" ngesisekelo akusiyo, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukunquma, ebhekisela syntactic ukumelwa ukumisa. ingxenye isilandiso uqobo lowo has a iqembu isenzo. ukukhuluma Ngokwethukela, konke kuhlobene amafomu isenzo ukwakheka siqu naye iqembu elilodwa le-syntax wumkhakha isilandiso.

Ikakhulu, kuhlanganisa futhi izakhi asizayo (ingxenye isenzo asizayo). Umenziwa kanye isihloko umusho emapayipini ngokuphelele oyiyo syntactic. Futhi-ke yilowo kulezi zingxenye kungenziwa ihlukene kanengi zibe ngaphezulu elula. Lo mqondo ihlukanisa amazinga - ebusweni yokuqala, kuyilapho khona izinkinga ngeke kuncishiswe.

isakhiwo

Ngakho, isilandiso isakhiwo kungaba olukha phezulu kanye umthombo. Nokho, ukwakheka kwamaqembu syntactic akubonisi kwamagama, akukho eseduze - yokwenziwa noma asebenzayo. Ngokwesibonelo: oki ikhula iminyaka eyinkulungwane; iminyaka eyinkulungwane lukhula-oak; ezikhulayo kwesihlahla se-okhi iminyaka eyinkulungwane. Zonke lezi ziphakamiso zinezigaba ezifanayo isilandiso e isakhiwo sokuqala.

Nokho, isakhiwo sokuqala nazo zonke ukusondela zabo ngaso sonke isikhathi elihlobene ne ebusweni takhiwo kwefrakshini semantic. logic isilandiso, hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi zingancishiswa incazelo eyodwa, ngisho noma ngabe izingxenye silandiswa izibambiso. Ngokwesibonelo:

• izihlahla okusha etshalwa engadini elidala.
• Ensimini ubudala ayeyintanga yakhe asekhuluma izihlahla ezintsha.

Aint it in the amazwi afanayo lapho sihlolisisa, etshaliwe nezincazelo eziningana ezahlukene?

incazelo semantic

ukuqhubeka kule modeli iza ukwehla ngo negebe phakathi komhlaba kanye nemiqondo kokuqala emshweni. Lapho izakhiwo kokuqala ezahlukene ezahlukeneyo kokubili yekwentiwa uzobe zahumusha, nakuba ngazimbili Kungenzeka futhi wokufihla okulingana. Grammar yakhiwe ukuze lezi izinhlobo iziphakamiso babekelwe eceleni zonke izakhiwo syntactic begodu ukutjhugululwa akuphazamisi yi lokugcina etholakala uma inguqulo yekwentiwa kanye isakhiwo kobuso umusho.

Vele kwenzeka ukuthi ukumelwa syntactic ngu imitsetfo yeluhlelo zihunyushelwa olimini lwesi-isethulo engasho lutho, ukuze uqiniswe ukusondelana noma esisebujameni obulinganako, ngokulandelana izakhiwo ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nje ngesigwebo esifanako angase abe incazelo semantic of izinhlobo eziningana isilandiso.

logic isilandiso

Isilandiso - isitatimende lapho kunezelwa agumenti. Uma-kudume nokukodwa - isilandiso uyokhipha impahla yakhe, futhi uma ngaphezulu - ke kuyoba ukudweba ubuhlobo phakathi kwawo wonke ama-agumenti. Ngokwesibonelo: oki - izinkuni; fir - esihlahleni. Lapha impahla uzwakalise - uyisihlahla. Ngakho, lokhu imelelwa isilandiso kanye kwesihlahla se-okhi, nesihlahla sonwele. Isibonelo esilandelayo: Bast izicathulo Welukwa amagxolo. Umenziwa lapha igama elithi "Bast" futhi-agumenti - Ngamanye amazwi, ngoba lokho ayekusho futhi ngokwabo akudingeki ukuzimela okwanele. Nokwelukiweyo - nezimbadada. Bast - nezimbadada.

logic Propositional lincane kakhulu ngolimi oluthile futhi ngenxa yalokho zingenalo awunankinga nokucabanga komuntu, ngakho abantu basebenzisa ulimi logic isilandiso, okungukuthi - ukufunisela. Njengoba isibonelo, i-agumenti ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuveza logic of izitatimende: Bonke abantu abashonile. Mina - indoda. Nami uyafa. Ulimi logic propositional ukubhala phansi abe yizicucu ezintathu ezihlukene ngaphandle ukuxhumana nomunye. A ulimi isilandiso ngokushesha ikhomba ezimbili eziyinhloko "ukuba ofayo" futhi "ube yindoda". Khona-ke, bese kuthi umusho wokuqala izithombe obukhulu ahlobene nawo.

izingxenye

Isakhiwo semantic kwemusho has isigaba lalo. It isilandiso aveza isimo noma isenzo esithile, actants - izikhonzi izenzo noma izinto ngendlela ehlukile (ngqo, ngokungaqondile, rezultativen nokunye), sirkonstanty - izimo ezahlukene njengoba emkhakheni yezenzo kokwenza.

Ngokwesibonelo: Ebusuku iwindi ungqongqoza emagatsheni ezihlahla. Gubha lapha, singasho esiphezulu. Isilandiso isinyathelo asebenzayo kuyoba igama elithi "kushaywa". Okulandelayo kufike actants: isihloko - "isihlahla", into - "window", instrumentativ - "amagatsha". Sirkonstantoy (noma temporativom noma ngenxa yezimo isikhathi) ukhuluma igama elithi "ebusuku". Kodwa ungase uthole yesibili, locative - "mgwaqo", isibonelo.

kumalungu we

Isilandiso yakhiwa isimiso semantic ngaleyo ndlela: isilandiso langempela (isb - nesimo) futhi actants (umcimbi abahlanganyeli). Wokufihla Actants futhi abe division zibe izinhlobo:

• Isihloko (okwehlukile - Agens) - lolu hlobo isihloko actant noma protagonist asebenzayo. Ngokwesibonelo: isihlahla likhula.
• Into - iyona target nomthelela ngqo ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, noma cha. Ngokwesibonelo: ikati Ubamba igundane.
• Instumentativ - into, ngaphandle lapho isimo angeke waqaphela. Ngokwesibonelo: badla isobho.
• Umphumela - yalokho ekubizweni izenzo uzibophezele. Ngokwesibonelo: otshanini entwasahlobo uye wakhula.

Futhi, ningawenzi phelisa sirkonstant - ngezimo senzo. Babuye zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu. Ababili the njalo kakhulu futhi eziyisisekelo - temporates futhi locative. Ngokwesibonelo: entwasahlobo uyafudumala. Igama elithi "intwasahlobo" - temporates. blooms Lilac yonke indawo. Igama elithi "yonke indawo" - locative.

isiphetho

Ukuze ufunde indlela ngokunembile ukusetha isihloko nesilandiso ngendlela ukwahlulela, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu bo eloquence nangenxa ulwazi olunembile imicabango yomunye - kumele kucace kakhulu wayeqonda ukuthi isihloko lesi sitatimende, nokuthi ukhuluma ngezimfanelo zakhe.