Umgwaqo Ukhonkolo: ubuchwepheshe ekwakheni

Indaba eziyisisekelo ukuze kwakhiwe imigwaqo kuyinto asphalt. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu liyadingeka ukulungisa kubo, khona-ke yokutakula yonyaka ukusebenza izakhiwo. umgwaqo asphalt Ukhonkolo kakhulu kunabantu ngezindlela eziningi, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwalo lilinganiselwe.

Izizathu zalokhu zimi kanje:

• singenele Imali yokwakha;
• umkhiqizo ongaphakeme;
• sezulu;
• traffic ukulayisha;
• yokuntuleka izinhlobo kudingekile kasimende;
• sezwe.

E-US, i-gugu lesizwe yindlela ukhonkolo (isithombe ngezansi).

Emuva ngo-50 e baseMelika namazwe aseNtshonalanga ukuqonda izinzuzo zabo kanye nokwakha ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele.

Ngaphambili, imigwaqo ukhonkolo wabhaliswa eRussia aliveza amapuleti, ushayela imoto zifana ukuhamba izitimela ku emalungeni wesitimela. Manje uwathele emhlabathini bese enamathela abushelelezi.

Yiziphi komgwaqo ukhonkolo?

umgwaqo Ukhonkolo has izinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• lula ukulungiselela mix ukhonkolo ;
• ukustaka esinejubane;
• amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ihlala isikhathi eside;
• surface bushelelezi, kokuba adhesion obuhle isondo;
• ukubonakala kangcono njengoba kuqhathaniswa asphalt ngenxa reflectivity ezinhle.

imigwaqo Ukhonkolo kunezimo ukusebenza, okuyinto aqukethe ukuletha umthwalo kusukela olukhuni setshe letivakalako iningi base. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo. Kuka asphalt ngokuvamile kwenzeka itjhuguluko engekhe yalungiseka, njengoba kufakazelwa ukubukeka Ruts namagagasi. sebefaka ukhonkolo kunciphisa kuka ezinjalo, ngenkathi ekufezeni ukonga uphethiloli afika ku 20%.

izinzuzo Environmental ezihlobene yokuntuleka inhlabathi ukungcoliswa imikhiqizo mafutha ukugqama asphalt. Okokhelekayo ukonga kunciphisa kwekhabhoni. Kukholakala ukuthi enamathela liqine futhi lisithinte ngokwengeziwe ukhiqiza umsindo ngaphezulu, kodwa lokhu kwanda abangelutho.

Ithonya sezwe ukuze kwakhiwe imigwaqo

Izithuthi komgwaqo ukhonkolo Kwakhiwani ngosizo ubuchwepheshe ezahlukene. iphrojekthi ngayinye ihlukile. Ezindaweni sezintaba, umgwaqo lulandela sezwe.

Phakathi izwe ngokwakha imigwaqo emikhulu uzama usiqondise: ukucindezeleka backfilled, amagquma bafa ngokusebenzisa ezintabeni labetibambile imigudu, overpasses namabhuloho zakhiwa. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngesivinini imodi abakhi uzame ukugwema emaweni okhuphukela, ekwehleni kanye ematfuba.

imiklamo ezahlukene imigwaqo ngezigaba eziyisisekelo kusekelwe topcoat, okungase asphalt noma ukhonkolo. Asphalt idinga ukulungiswa ngo 3-4 iminyaka. Ezinye umgwaqo eside hola ukuqala ukuze siphinde sithole lapho ukwakhiwa is hhayi kuqeda okwamanje. umgwaqo Ukhonkolo abiza 80% ngaphezulu ezibizayo, kodwa ayidingi ukulungisa ngowokuqala 10 iminyaka wokusebenza. ukuqina kwalo kunciphisa izindleko yesondlo. Lapho ebeka umgwaqo ukhonkolo wenziwa qualitatively, kufeza amashumi eminyaka ngaphandle kulungiswe.

Isakhiwo endleleni

Ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ukhonkolo Kwenziwa izingqimba alandelayo:

• ezengeziwe,
• underlayment;
• enamathela ukhonkolo.

ukulungiselela umhlabathi

Ukuthululela ukhonkolo ekulandulayo ukulungiselela umhlabathi nokukhiqizwa ungqimba ukuqondanisa. Inhlabathi kumele kube obukhulu. Lokhu kalula eliqinisekisiwe nangokunamathela ku-steel ibha 12 mm obukhulu. Kumelwe ube yilungu ku engekho ngaphezu kuka-60 cm ukujula. Uma uphawu alanele, esicamelweni eminye prosyadet futhi nciphisa ukhonkolo.

Primer ukatyvayut pre. Ikakhulukazi banake lokhu zokulala yayo. Kulokhu, ugingqe kwenziwa izingqimba. Inhlabathi compaction kwenziwa ngesikhathi umswakama okuqukethwe elikhulu. Uhlobo kanye nenani maqembu we roller ukuze kukhethwe Ucwaningo by ekukhiqizeni ukugingqikela test. Uma nomswakama ingezansi ukubaluleka kuvunyelwe, inhlabathi kumele oswakanyiswe. Uma kuwukuthi ongahluziwe kakhulu, it is omisiwe ziba ngcono, kwalokho isihlabathi, slag noma ezinye izindlela.

Amanzi angcolile

Lapho wakha komgwaqo ukhonkolo, ubuchwepheshe sihlinzekela ukuhoxiswa kuzo incibilikiswa, izulu elikhulu kwathi amanzi kazamcolo ngisho nangaphambi ukwakhiwa kwalesi roadbed. Umsebenzi kule ndawo yenziwa kokubili emzini nangale.

Iinsetjenziswa komgwaqo ukhonkolo nge kwezulu Thepha ezidingekayo ukwandisa ukuphila inkonzo nokwenza ngcono izimo ushayela. Uma uyikha phezulu le komgwaqo izinto ezingaba yingozi ukuthutha amanzi ngesikhathi ukuhamba kwayo. Ukuwohloka adhesion ukuze indwangu, fafaza kusuka amasondo ukuvimbela Uhlolojikelele, futhi iqhwa imiswe phakathi umnkantsha. Ukusula komzila womgwaqo kumele esitshekile ku transverse kanye izinkomba longitudinal, zenziwa njengoba izingqimba nkinga. Kumila kuqondiswa nge ezibizayo futhi kwakha noma ukuchema kuzo ukuthi kungenzeka noma ukuncika-gable. Izindawo okungama kuzo amanzi, siqondile futhi wambozwa inhlabathi nedreniruyuschim.

Ngaphandle kwamanzi edolobheni kusukela endleleni isuswe iseli traffic. ububanzi wabo 1-2.5 m amanzi iqoqa kuzo bese kukhishelwa endlini ethola amanzi :. umsele wamanzi, umzimba wemvelo noma yokufakelwa kwamanzi, embhedeni emfuleni. Ngenxa yale njongo, iseli kudala noma ukuchema kuzo 1-4% utshani ezinezivikelo eziqinile utshani, amatshe, itshe noma detrital ukhonkolo.

Emiphakathini yonkana emathileyi amanzi uya amapayipi edolobheni. Amadivayisi for sokuhoxisa yayo njalo bahlanza ukufeza throughput edingekayo.

Amanzi engena enhlabathini, uyingozi komgwaqo. Unikelwe ngokusebenzisa zamatshe seepage, ezifana amatshe. It ibekwe amanzi amapayipi nge izimbotshana noma izimbobo. Bangakwazi eyenziwe ngepulasitiki, ukhonkolo noma sobumba.

Isebenza ku-ukwabiwa sezimoto bands incibilikiswa, isiphepho amanzi kaZamcolo kwenziwe ngaphambi ukwakhiwa roadbed.

Ukubeka izinto zokulala ungqimba

On umhlabathi sandy kuyinto 20-40 cm umcamelo obukhulu. Ngaphandle kungenzeka ukuphatha, kodwa kakhulu kukhinyabeza ukugeleza umswakama kusuka phansi, futhi kuthuthukisa amanzi. Kuyadingeka ukuvimbela ukufiphala kanye frost ugonyuluka, okuholela ukubukeka izimbotshana nokusasamba ku dwala ukhonkolo. Inkinga enkulu kudala inhlabathi ubumba, Peat noma yimuphi omunye, elikwaziyo buthelela amanzi. It is kancane anqunywe futhi phansi amafraktjhini indawo ukujikijelwa ngamatshe, bese uhlalwane. Ukuphakama izingqimba ngemva titibonelo letinkhulu tekuvumelana imayelana 30 cm. Kusukela ukuqeqeshwa izindleko zabo futhi ancike singakanani isikhathi oyokwakha imigwaqo ukhonkolo. I ukujiya ubuncane base lincike ohlotsheni inhlabathi kanye zone zezulu. Kuchazwa kumathebula. Phakathi zonke umgodi ngezinto zokwakha ezihlukahlukene wabeka geotextile.

Eqeda kusendlalelo ngasinye ekhiqizwa kuhambisana design emthambekeni longitudinal futhi transverse.

Stone isizinda izinto ngokuvamile uqinise izinto kokuba izakhiwo esibophezelayo. Lokhu kungaba usimende noma ezimbonini: granulated slag Metallurgical nge kwalokho lime ngokushesha, fly umlotha iziteshi amandla ezishisayo, phansi slag. Zogqinsi kufanele kube Monolithic, ukuthi ibangelwa ngokusebenzisa izingoma ngibopha futhi ugingqe ngokucophelela.

Ukuze udlulisele umshini wokwakha ngokuvamile sidinga i ukwanda ezengeziwe amandla ungqimba aphansi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, uqinisa izingoma cementitious.

formwork

Formwork eyenziwe amapulangwe yokugcwalisa ukuphakama, okuyinto 100-150 mm. Ukukhetha ukuphakama kwalo, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi emaphethelweni setshe ukhonkolo wenza izimbambo ukuthi ukwandisa ngamandla alo. I ukushuba amapulangwe kufanele okungenani 50 mm. Ukwakheka kwabo camera, isizinda lula kusukela setshe eqandisiwe. By formwork izinkuni nezidingo yezikhwepha wagxila ukhonkolo fresh namabutho okuvela phakathi nesikhathi operation kokuphazamisa.

Uma wenza isicelo esindayo imishini umgwaqo noku- yokuqedela ukhonkolo, iqoqo steel formwork enamandla. Akukona wafiphaza futhi isikhathi eside ngokuphawulekayo. Okuwukuphela has kwesisekelo salo, esiwulwazi kwandisa ukuzinza.

Isigaba shuttering ukufakwa yomugqa futhi ngokuphephile abethela. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi uma ukwenza esindayo ukhonkolo imishini Isixwa. Ezindaweni ukunciphisa base amazinga ngaphansi formwork uthele izingqimba ukhonkolo mafutha ukuqina okukhulu.

Ukhonkolo komgwaqo: amapuleti amasu yokukhiqiza

Ngaphambi ebeka amasethi ukhonkolo ukunwetshwa emalungeni ukuvumela slabs ukuhambisa thwi kanye nendawo waba ukwanda kwabo noma kokucindezelwa.

1. Ukunwetshwa amalunga omzimba

izigaba Ekubunjweni abahlukene ngokuphelele. Ukuze grouting impahla sisetshenziswa, edonsa amandla: i paperboard ekuvikeleni, ukhuni elithambile, ukhokho ne itiyela. Ukuze ivikelekile ezintulini namatshe ayizingalo elingenhla umphetho endaweni kumuntu ka 40-50 mm ukujula kuyadingeka ukwenza ungangenisi amanzi sealant. Uma ungenzanga ngesikhathi, ukunwetshwa enezisekelo zikakhonkolo zamatshe kungenzeka phuma.

Ibanga phakathi yaseZimbabwe ku isimo sezulu sifudumele ka 20-30 m Ukuthembeka enamathela ngoba slabs eside 50% futhi elifushane -. 85%. It libhekene ukumelana ngokuhlaziya phakathi overhauls. enamathela Monolithic kusekelwa izinduku zensimbi, ubekwe ezivuzayo.

Basuke efakwe ngokusebenzisa ohlangothini ubuso noma nedivaysi esikhethekile pavers. Lapho izikhala phakathi amapuleti eduze kukhona at ibanga ezingaphezu kuka-6 m, isembozo phezulu ukukhwezwa ezivuzayo Lesisemkhatsini kumuntu ka 1/3 ye-ukushuba we ukhonkolo ukujula. amalunga omzimba zamanga okunjalo futhi wenze eksisi komgwaqo.

Ububanzi amaviyo amabili komgwaqo kuyinto 6-9 m. Amazinga-oluhlehlela uphawu futhi phakathi kwawo ukuba imifantu longitudinal hhayi kwakhiwa.

2. Ukubeka ngokhonkolo

Imfucumfucu ungqimba uvala iphepha manzi, ungangenisi amanzi noma oswakanyiswe. Ukhonkolo ibekwe phezu ukushuba ngesikhathi esisodwa. Uma ukugcizelela sisetshenziswa, qala egcwele ungqimba ukushuba 30-40 mm, sisiba phezu kwalo grid, bese sekugcwele kuya shuttering sekupheleni.

Ingxube ukhonkolo kufanele usetshenziswe ngokushesha, ngoba iphila isikhathi esifushane. amanzi diluting akukwazi, ngoba kuzoholela Ukuwohloka izakhiwo mechanical plate.

Ngenxa esiningi ngomumo ukubeka imboni ukhonkolo iza ethela. Ngemva athula imoto lapho kuqondiswa umshini ekhethekile ifakwe izindwani enophephela. Ingxube kukhishelwa-1 m ³ kanye nombala ibekwe, noma kuyodingeka kuka kwezinye izindawo inqwaba enkulu luthe ukuqina phansi. Ngo inqubo yokululama lokhu bokungafani uyasindiswa, okungaholela anda ukuncipha malouplotnennyh amasayithi. Ngakho phezu plate kwakhiwa ayimigodi. Inketho engcono kakhulu ukustaka umfaniswano aphathekako 2-3 izingqimba.

3. Ukhonkolo ukubekwa uphawu

Isisetshenziswa ukuze compaction ngokhonkolo kuyinto ugodo eyenziwe ngokhuni noma insimbi, okuyinto singehlela fixed kwalo izando womoya. It is bacwiliswa mix ukhonkolo bese ukuhambisa ngaphakathi kuwo. Lapho ukucutshungulwa kwesigaba uphela, ugongolo siphakeme futhi idluliselwe kwenye indawo.

Uma usebenzisa vibratory armature ibha kufanele kube kuwo at ibanga 5-7 cm ngenhla.

umshini Isixwa futhi imbandakanya ngaphandle screed isixwayisi okuyinto okuseza.

Ngu plasticity we ukhonkolo uhlanganise izidingo ezikhethekile. Kufanele kube ngokwanele ephathekayo, kodwa hhayi izacile, noma okunye kuthatha indawo dislodging, nichichima ngokusebenzisa formwork - amandla liwohloka.

Ngemva ukuqina kancane setshe ukhonkolo kuthululwe ngamanzi ukugwema imifantu kusuka iphele ukuphuma. ikhava wakhe wesihlabathi, utshani amacansi, burlap noma ngendwangu. Indlela yesimanje isivikelo ukuhwamuka olufuthwe ungene setshe ebusweni ukuqina sealant. I-ejenti ifilimu ukwakha isetshenziswa bonke ubuso futhi emaphethelweni. Ngaphambi kuyadingeka ukususa umswakama okweqile kusukela enamathela.

Okuphansi izinga ukhonkolo ingxube kuholela isidingo elungisa umgwaqo njalo.

isiphetho

Ubuciko nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ukhonkolo is njalo ngcono, sibonga okulandelayo:

1. Thuthukisa amakhono kanye nesipiliyoni of ongoti.
2. Ukuba khona multi-umsebenzi futhi ukusebenza okuphezulu ubuchwepheshe.
3. ngcono imishini yezobuchwepheshe, okuvumela ukunciphisa umsebenzi wezandla.
4. Isicelo izinto ezintsha eziphambili.

Nakuba kwakubiza ephakeme, izindleko nokulungiswa kwemigwaqo ukhonkolo itsatfwa esingaphansi ukukhanda of asphalt.