Ukuhlela ukwakheka Foster Norman: A Biography, amaphrojekthi

Emzini emhlabeni yokuhlela wezakhiwo lanamuhla Foster Norman kakhulu ithathwa njengendlela hi-tech Classic style. Ukuma kwakhe yezakhiwo Foster nozakwethu ancike lomqondo kakhulu amaphrojekthi yedolobha ukwakha emazweni kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Lokhu isakhamuzi IBrithani owawina naiprestizhneyshih emhlabeni imiklomelo: i Pritzker (Nobel analog isetshenziswa izakhiwo) ne-Imperial (aphakeme e-UK). Germany ukhishwa kuye ukuhleleka eliphakeme emkhakheni isiko "Ukuze Merit" yephrojekthi yesikhathi sesimanje ephalamende yayo. He qamba eziningana amaphrojekthi eMoscow-City, ubuye ilungu zokuhlonipha we-Russian Academy of Arts.

Foster Norman ifikile empumelelweni kuphela sibonga ithalente wayo nangokuzimisela.

Qala umsebenzi

Wazalelwa zobuchwepheshe zakudala ngo-1935 e Manchester (UK). UYise umakhi abesebenza ngesikhathi inkampani, silwenza umusi abaphehla ugesi kanye nama-generator. Uma sicabangela lokhu nobunzima impahla yomndeni oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye esikoleni bese uthola umsebenzi basemzini loMnyango kaMgcinimafa. uyise Norman sika ngiphuphe umsebenzi womsebenzi indodana yakhe. Ngaphezu umsebenzi eyisisekelo, Foster abasha futhi watadisha umthetho kwezohwebo. Nokho, umsebenzi ehhovisi awuzizwa guy abasha.

Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, liphefumulelwe sesakhiwo Manchester, Foster Norman waqala sketching yasungulwa isakhiwo. Omunye onobhala, nozakwethu wabona esinye salezi imidwebo, wameluleka ukuba benze umsebenzi ngendlela efanele yokwakha.

Nokho, ukuqaliswa iphupho lokuqala kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe komntwana ononyaka owodwa ezempi ngo-British Royal Air Force, futhi kamuva - imisebenzi iminyaka emibili ezihlukahlukene ikhono: ebhikawozi, imboni, esitolo ifenisha. Ngemva kokudlula ezikhungweni interview, Foster Norman wathatha umsebenzi emnyangweni izinkontileka yezakhiwo umphathi ejensi umsizi. Buciko umsebenzi commercial, waqaphela ukuthi ukuze ube wezakhiwo, qiniseka imfundo.

kumiswa

Umfana oneminyaka engu-21 ubudala wanikezwa ukudlula mncintiswano ku emnyangweni ofanele we-University of Manchester. Nokho, amaphuzu kwakunganele ukuthola isibonelelo, enika ilungelo ukufunda ngezindleko zikahulumeni.

Ngakho-ke Foster Norman wathola imali yokukhokhela izifundo zakhe ngokusebenza amahora ambalwa ngosuku, lenduna, umdayisi ngisho nonogada nightclub. Kodwa ukuthola emfundweni UK akuyona ngokugcwele izifiso professional umakhi abasha. bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo edonsela kwezilwandle izilo namabhilidi. Foster Norman labetibambile isifundo bandulo e-US i-Yale University. Ngemva kokuthola iziqu, abasha professional nomngani wakhe kanye nengane efunda nayo esikoleni uRichard Rodgers wabuyela eBrithani, lapho eqoshiwe studio yezakhiwo "Ithimba 4".

Ukuzalwa zobuchwepheshe

Ngo imisebenzi yabo yokuqala - yezakhiwo zokuhlala ukuthi kuhlobisa sezwe elinezintaba Cornwall, futhi ohlonishwa London efulethini "Mews House" - kukhona izakhiwo elicwengiweyo classical.

Ukuhlala endaweni yokusesha yokudala, abafuna ukuthuthukisa imibono spatially American ezakhiwo ukwakhiwa, leli qembu abasha idale entsha isitayela bokwakha - zobuchwepheshe. Futhi-ke, ingxenye imibono yakhe lomqondo washayelwa entsha isiqondiso wezakhiwo Norman Foster. Amadizayini akhe kwesikhathi ezihlobene ngokuyinhloko izakhiwo zezimboni. Isimo sami sengqondo sashintsha emsebenzini wakhe waqala ngo-1966, umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo eyenzelwe izimboni esikhiqiza amakhompyutha "Rilayens Izilawuli".

ngokuvumelana Elegant izixazululo, ukuzibamba nangobuciko womklamo kulendlu wenza abantu baseBrithani ukukhuluma inkanyezi entsha emkhakheni bokwakha. Kuyo umbhali ngobuhlakani esetshenziswa aesthetics metal profiled, wenza hhayi kuphela indima diaphragms ngesandla esiqinile, kodwa futhi original ukukhanya reflectors, kukhanye kubo ezifakiwe amashubhu Fluorescent. Lesi sakhiwo kwaba iphrojekthi zokugcina "Emacembu Four", obadalwa ngokubambisana Richard Rogers, wezakhiwo Norman Foster.

Izithombe elale ndalo sikubonisa ngokucacile lokusungula abaklami zayo, zizwe ukhululekile ukusebenzisa ukwakhiwa kuze kube manje yinganekwane ngezinto zokwakha kanye izakhiwo, ukuziqambela incazelo yokuqala ivolumu sangaphakathi isikhala, ngenkathi wakha odongeni lwendlu olungaphambili eliyingqayizivele futhi sesimanje. Kwakungekhona umsebenzi netingcweti temsebenti. Wadala abakhi ekudalweni liyazikhulumela: e izakhiwo global wazalwa isitayela esisha - zobuchwepheshe.

inkampani uQobo, imibono yabo

Kubonakala bonke kwaba revolution ekwakheni izimiso ukwakhiwa iqalwa Norman Foster. Projects ka hi-tech Besizokujanyiselelwa ezivamile post-futhi-ugongolo izinhlelo ezihlelekile ekhululekile-span "ezintantayo" umklamo kwesigamu. Basuke zihlukaniswa abatelekile umcabango esibukweni mbumbulu ezicwebezelisiwe futhi Yiqiniso, izimiso ezintsha e wiring nezokuxhumana. Ngaphandle, le izakhiwo kudala inkohliso ukukukholelwa.

Ngo-1967, lezisekelo wezakhiwo inkampani yakhe yangasese "Foster nozakwabo", lapho kufika ku 1983 (kufika ku ukushonelwa umngane) isebenza ngokubambisana wezakhiwo odumile Buckminster Fuller. umlingani okusha ekudalweni Foster sika odumile yezakhiwo zabo kokuxazulula span ukukhanya domes ezimboze izikhala ezinkulu ezisemadolobheni nokudala amathuba kwasendaweni ngabanye multi-purpose izikhala nge microclimate ezizimele asekelwe.

Zobuchwepheshe, usezuze sibonga bazwakale kuya ukuphelela, kugcizelelwe Dome nenhle, lubonakaliswa London echwebeni nomgibeli esiteshini "Fred Olsen Centre" (1967), esakhiweni of "Willy Faber and Dyuma" (Ipswich, 1974)

Ngakusasa isakhiwo eyingqopha owanikhipha udumo ngamazwe ukuze wezakhiwo, waba Sainsbury Centre, elakhiwa ngo-empumalanga eBrithani ngo-1977 e-University. umqondo Foster sika - yokuhlanganisa ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa bahluke ngokuphelele ezindaweni zabo obusebenzayo: emnyuziyamu, indawo yokudlela, inyuvesi ngokwayo, ingadi ebusika waba yimpumelelo.

Mhlawumbe nale umqondo isikhathi umkhathizwe izinguquko inkampani yezakhiwo. Ngemiyalo yezikhulu zimali abazimele abacebile basungula Norman Foster imiklamo. 10 kunakho konke kwawo sethula kulesi sihloko. Isakhiwo, ukudalwa kwalokho etshaliwe ithalente lakhe futhi umphefumulo, manje iyingxenye ebalulekile nalezo esezithuthukiswe emizini eminingi. Asiqale uhambo lwethu ebonakalayo.

London: isakhiwo-ikhukhamba

izakhiwo atypical ukuthi eLondon ukwenzani babenza izinto ezihlekisayo ngokuthi "Gherkin esikisela ucansi" noma "sexy ugwayi." Kodwa kaningi sorokaetazhnoe wokwakha indlunkulu Swiss inkampani yomshuwalense Swiss Re, ngasendleleni, enye yezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, ebizwa ngokuthi "Gherkin" (The Gherkin). Wayengafani wephule, njengoba babemesaba, ukubukeka yezakhiwo dolobha yaseBrithani, ukulingana kahle kuwo. Izinkulungwane zabasebenzi ehhovisi ukusebenza lapha. Sitolo sekudla lokuphekiwe nemigoqo zitholakala phansi phezulu kudalwa LaseBrithani.

New York: Tower Horst

Hearst Corporation abezindaba umbuso emzini, lapho abantu bendawo ngokuthi "Big Apple", futhi Uthole isipho kusukela Foster. iphrojekthi wezakhiwo Kusolwa wokubuyekeza okudala ukwakhiwa eside sendawo. Uma sicabangela Eminyakeni engu-30 Okukhulu Kwezomnotho, America simisiwe, bese ayeke ukwakhiwa Classic phezulu ugongolo, elinganisela obeka isisekelo futhi izitezi.

Ngaphezu kwazo, uNorman Voster yamisa elikhazimulayo zengilazi zendawo ongunxantathu umbhoshongo ergonomic ne amawindi giant ngengilazi armored lapho abasebenzi eyaziwa abamemezeli Cosmopoltan "futhi Esquire abasebenza manje. Yazi-nendlela wezakhiwo iwukuba isakhiwo oluhlaza: kushaywa umoya wakhe zemvelo ukugeleza esetshenziselwa siqu ukupholisa imvula amanzi alo eyawela ophahleni, - I-air conditioning system kanye ukuchelela izitshalo.

France Ibhuloho "Viaduct Villot"

Lesi sakhiwo, beyizidlova ukuphakama abadumile Eiffel Tower, Norman Foster ijoyina imiklamo yabo (phezulu 10). Izithombe kwebhuloho phezu koMfula Tarn, elula esuka eningizimu yeFrance eSpain, ibonisa ubunjalo umqondo yokudala. Ibhuloho phakathi uthi kuthinta umndeni izinsika ubude, ingamakhilomitha angu-endleleni, shrouds kathathu anticorrosion enamathela. Akazange nje zithululwe uhlushwa njalo isiminyaminya emgwaqweni omkhulu A-75, kodwa futhi izivakashi eziningi, ekubeni mlando owaziwa ezakhiwo France.

London nkundla "Wembley"

Elikhulu kunawo wonke kuze kube manje inkundla emhlabeni, ukwakha isithombe yesimanje eyayintula isandla ku Norman Foster, wamukela izethameli lwayo lokuqala ngo-2007. I edume enkundleni football, lokhokho yezwe njengoba injalo yesimanje kuthatha izibukeli ayizinkulungwane 90! Ukuhlela ukwakheka enhle waxwayisa kungenzeka kuminyanise (ngokuvamile ezenzeka itheku futhi esidayisa enkundleni.) Abantu zezitsha beze nge escalators, kokuba obuphelele Imininingwane ayi-400. Isici esiyinhloko lolu hlelo lwaleli obucayi 130 metres ubude, ukusekela kophahla ngokuhambisa wenkundla yezemidlalo. Glowing Triomphe ebusuku ebonakalayo kuzo zonke izingxenye London.

isakhiwo ophahleni okunjalo kubalulekile ukunakekela utshani. Ngenxa kwelanga zemvelo ifinyelela ukunakekelwa kahle utshani inkundla.

Germany. Berlin. Reichstag

Kulesi sakhiwo, ngaphandle ihaba, zama ukuthola zonke izivakashi of Berlin. Reichstag Owabe, manje esibizwa Bundestag, ngaphandle ezikhangayo zomlando, isibe nesimangaliso zobuchwepheshe. Owinile kule minyaka 90 mncintiswano yokuvuselela yayo Norman Foster akuzange nje enikeziwe isakhiwo Federal Assembly (Bundestag) ingilazi Dome nokunikeza ukubuka-360-degree of the city - inhliziyo eJalimane, kodwa futhi wenza kabusha eyisisekelo umthamo yayo ingaphakathi. Ngokuthembeka kuze kube igobolondo yayinjalo udonga lwangaphandle lwesakhiwo umakhi idale haytekovskogo imvelo yangaphakathi esiyingqayizivele. Lokhu kufezwa ngosizo panel yesimanje kanye izakhiwo steel. Bright, itshe yemvelo nokhonkolo zokuhlobisa ukunikeza izakhiwo wanamuhla Bundestag ngesikhathi esifanayo ukubukeka ngokubabazekayo futhi ergonomic.

Kazakhstan. Astana. "Khan Shatyr"

Ucabanga iyiphi wezakhiwo yamisa khona itende elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni? Umbuzo uwukuthi bokukhuluma. Lesi sakhiwo ihlanganisa indawo enkulu 10 zebhola. ophahleni laso eliyingqayizivele ngenhloso yakhelwe ngesimo a Isigaxa ethize etshekile. ubunjalo Ezazimzungezile - ku asymmetry (umakhi waboleka umqondo ka Art Nouveau). Izinkulungwane izintambo, nokubopha ke isandla, lapho kwakhiwa umbhoshongo ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba fixed 650 abaqwali ezimbonini. I kakhulu kwakhiwa isakhiwo sasifana show!

Ngaphakathi lokhu ufanelwe haytekovskogo izindawo kuyinto ngobukhulu yezitolo nokuzijabulisa isikhungo Kazakhstan sika nge inqwaba yokudla, izitolo, nezitolo ezinkulu, amakilabhu, zokubukela amabhayisikobho.

Nokho, isici esiphawula 'Khan Shatyr "ihlukile asemaqeleni ezweni pool zasendlini ebhishi (isihlabathi enamathela okuyinto wasebenzisa elinesihlabathi esimhlophe ngasemaphethelweni abadumile wentaba-mlilo kusukela Maldives).

Britain. London. Isikhumulo sezindiza "Stansted"

Umklamo kwalesi sakhiwo, elakhiwa ngo-ibanga 50-ikhilomitha ukusuka eLondon, Nkosi Foster waphinde yasekuqaleni. Yena ekuqaleni wayidikila yonke canons zasendulo ekwakheni izakhiwo ezinjalo. Isimiso sakhe esikhulu zokudala - eyinkimbinkimbi elula - waphinda ukuvela ngokugcwele. Abahlukile esibulalayo ophahleni esibukweni kusekelwa uhlaka ipayipi izigaba, wabuka zifane mbhoshongo okuhlanekezelwe ivikela okulindile kusuka imvula zemvelo. Ngu elachithwa isakhiwo yesimanje sezindiza eduze, sifana omkhulu ingilazi cube haytekovsky.

Britain. Boston. Museum of Ubuciko

Inani elandayo ziphephile Museum ngobukhulu eBrithani idale inkinga. Kuyinto isikhathi eside kungekho isikhala esanele ukuze ajabulise zona. Ukusiza kuchofoziwe Baron Foster. Kulokhu, kubalulekile, ngaphandle izinguquko amafa ekhona elimisiwe Museum, wakha yesimanje isakhiwo ivulekile emine storeyed, okwashukumisa lonke nokuchaza Art American. Isikhala inkinga ivunyelwe Museum iminyaka eminingi.

Germany. Frankfurt. "Commerzbank Tower"

Ukuze Frankfurt kulendlu sibalulekile lathumela, efana Tower of London noma Eiffel Tower i-Paris. Ngamafuphi nje, lena ikhadi lebhizinisi omuzi. Abahlukile skyscraper esingunxantathu lelisu umqondo wokwakha kwemvelo European. Ngaphakathi kuwo obune izibuya Kuvunguza esiyingqayizivele izingadi itshalwe: iMedithera, North American, Asian. Abantu abakulesi isakhiwo, owawuseduze yemvelo imvelo-haytekovskogo esiyingqayizivele.

baphile esikhathini esizayo

Ngokuqinisekile omunye abaklami ezithakazelisayo kakhulu isikhathi sethu iyona Norman Foster. Projects, i-British womculo izinhlelo kusukela izakhiwo ngaphambi kwesikhathi. He is i Innovator futhi izinguquko ekubumbeni ukubukeka ezakhiwo emadolobheni emhlabeni wonke. inkampani Architectural "Foster nozakwabo" njalo yakha isakhiwo ukufanekisa ngezimpawu kanye namanye eyingqayizivele e-Europe, kuyi-Nguqulo Yezwe, e-Asia. Akumangalisi, zingabantu emva ukwakhiwa yabo setha ibha ukuphakama ezingeni izakhiwo, abe amaphuzu yentuthuko ukwakhiwa yesimanje amadolobha kanye ezifundeni.

He is genius. izakhiwo yakhe ehambisana ebujameni eziningi ezahlukene: kungaba sesimanje isakhiwo sikahulumeni noma kulungiswe isakhiwo zezimboni, ukwakhiwa lomqondo yezitolo kumbe ilitshe kube yilo kwengqalasizinda ezisemadolobheni: ibhuloho noma esikhumulweni sezindiza.

Kuze kube manje, yena yenze kumaphrojekthi emazweni 22. Njengoba umphathi-jikelele we inkampani yayo ngempumelelo iminyaka eminingi phambili izinhlelo umsebenzi Norman Foster.

Projects eRussia - akusiyo ibhizinisi enenzuzo kakhulu, kodwa abalulekile. Iqiniso liwukuthi, kokuba isinqumo sokuqala ukuba ubambisane master, uhulumeni eMoscow usephendukele ngokuyisa phambili ukubambezeleka ukwenziwa kwangempela amaphrojekthi. Kuyinto mayelana phezulu, iphrojekthi "Russia", ukuphakama 612 amamitha ensimini ka YaseMoscow International Business Centre "Yedolobha YaseMoscow". Lesi sakhiwo of 118 izibuya emva ukwakhiwa yayo, kungaba eliphezulu ukuwedlula wonke e-Europe. Isamba umxhwele ukwakhiwa, okuyinto kuhlelwe indawo 520.800 square metres. Ukwakhiwa kwawo kwaqala ngo-2007. Nokho, lokhu okulandelayo yephrojekthi iqedwe zimali main - inkampani Shalva Chigirinsky, ahlangabezana nobunzima zezimali. Khona-ke ukuze inkampani "Foster nozakwabo" kwahlongozwa ukwehlisa ukuphakama isakhiwo kathathu. Kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso ugqozi, izingqinamba zezimali zikahulumeni eMoscow kule nkinga. Khona-ke, ngo-March 2012, ukuphakama kuhlelwe basembhoshongweni isethwe 360 amamitha. Futhi ekugcineni, iphrojekthi ngokuphelele esishiywe dengwane. Namhlanje ngo endaweni ukwakhiwa yakhiwa isakhiwo bahluke.

isiphetho

Namuhla kubhekwa umklami inombolo 1 emhlabeni. Ngo inkampani yakhe ochwepheshe 500 ukusebenza ngokugcwele, futhi enye 100, yena iqasha ngonyaka ngaphansi kwenkontileka. Maestro Imfihlo yempumelelo izakhiwo - e lokusungula siqu, kanye core enamandla nethimba lakhe, okubandakanya abantu abavela emhlabeni wonke: David Nelson futhi Spencer de Grey.

Njengoba ayezalelwe umndeni zokusebenza kwekilasi waba nenhlanhla ngokwanele ukuba ulinde ukuqaphela ngokugcwele amakhono abo ezinkulukazi zokudala. Yena banxenxa ubuqotho babo Britain imibono yezakhiwo, bese lonke izwe. Ukuhlela ukwakheka Foster Norman ngenkuthalo nokobana emadolobheni kanye namazwe adalwe yena isitayela yezakhiwo. Naphezu yobudala bayo zihlaba (Baron wezakhiwo engu-80), yena akungeni ithunzi, ngokuqhubeka outpace ukalwe bonke abakhi yesimanje ephezulu tech isitayela.