Tetracycline: izifaniso zesizukulwane esisha

I-Tetracycline iyi-antibiotic, eyayisetshenziswa kakade phakathi kwe-50s yekhulu lama-20. Namuhla, izinambuzane eziningi kakhulu ziphikisana nokulungiselela isizukulwane sokuqala, ziye zashintsha, ngakho-ke ayinayo imiphumela enobungozi njengangaphambili. Kodwa nanamuhla ezimweni ezinzima odokotela bavame ukutusa tetracycline: izifaniso zesizukulwane esisha zibhekana ngokuphumelelayo nalesi sifo.

Iyini i-tetracycline (imodi yesenzo)

Iqoqo le-tetracycline kanye nemithwalo yazo (kuhlanganise ne-semisynthetic) inamalungiselelo angaphezu kuka-260 namagama angaba ngu-40. Bahlanganiswe yindlela yokwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali: uhlelo olulinganiselwe lwama-4. Ukujwayelekile kwesakhiwo kubangela umphumela ofanayo we-antimicrobial kanye nendlela yokwenza ithonya.

Umsebenzi we-tetracyclines usekelwe ezintweni ze-bacteriostatic (ikhono lokuyeka ukuphindaphinda kwezincane ezincane) ngokucindezela (ngokucindezela) ukuqala kweprotheyini yamangqamuzana amancane.

Ukukhiqizwa okunjalo kwezidakamizwa zalolu chungechunge nakho kungenxa yokuba namandla abo okuthonya izinhlobonhlobo zamagciwane ezincane. Phakathi kwamuva:

• Ama-gri-positive ne-gram-negative negative,
• Rickettsia,
• I-agent ye-Causative ye-trachoma,
• Ama-virus we-ornithosis,
• Spirochetes,
• Leptospira.

Phakathi neminyaka yokukhiqiza isikhathi eside, izinyoni ezincane ezincane ziye zahlakulela ukumelana ne-tetracycline yama-antibiotic. I-Analog, like Ukubusa, kuphumelela kakhulu. Ukulungiswa kwamanani e-tetracycline kuhlukaniswa yizinto ezisebenzayo, ubuningi bawo, amandla kanye nesivinini sesenzo, indlela yokusebenza, izinga lokumunca nokuphuma emzimbeni.

Umlando wezokuthuthukiswa

Umlando wokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic uqala ngoFebhuwari 12, 1942, lapho imithi yokuqala yokulwa namagciwane isungulwa e-Oxford University, ingagula, ifa ngenxa yobuthi begazi. Kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa babe ngcono, bese bonke bafa. Ama-antibiotics enani elanele ayitholakalanga.

Eyokuqala kweqembu elikhulu lama-tetracycline, i-chlorotetracycline yayisodwa (kusukela ekhunjini eliqhakazile). Namuhla, odokotela neziguli bayamazi njenge-biomycin noma i-aureomycin. Lesi senzakalo senzeke ngo-1945 e-Oxford. Futhi kakade ngo-1948, izivivinyo zakhe zomtholampilo kanye ne-laboratory zaqala. Kuphela unyaka kuphela ovela kwenye i-antibiotic yalesi sigaba - i- terramycin (i-oxytetracycline). Futhi ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngezinhloso zokwelapha kwaqala ngonyaka olandelayo, ngo-1950.

I-tetracycline ye-semisynthetic eyaziwa sonke sasihlanganiswa ngo-1952. Futhi ngemva konyaka nje wakwazi ukuhlukanisa isikhunta kusuka emthonjeni wamasiko.

Ama-microorganisms aphikisana kakhulu, akwazi ukuzivumelanisa ngokushesha namagciwane, okuholela ekunciphiseni ukusebenza kwezidakamizwa. Lesi siphetho asizange sidlule nxazonke tetracycline.

Namuhla, ososayensi baphoqeleka ukuba bakhiqize izizukulwane eziningi ze-antibiotic, futhi umndeni wezidakamizwa ugcwaliswa masinyane ngemithi emisha ngezinto ezisebenzayo ezintsha.

Indlela i-antibiotic esebenza ngayo nalapho isetshenziswa

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-microorganisms kuphela angakwazi ukulwa ngokuqinile nama-microorganisms. Imithi elwa namagciwane iyisisetshenziswa esihlukaniswe nesikhukhula samasiko, isikhunta noma ama-microbes, okungaba nomphumela onobungozi kwamanye ama-microorganisms.

Namuhla kunezindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza ama-antibiotics. Zakhiwa emikhiqizweni yomsebenzi obalulekile wokuphila okuphilayo noma indlela ye-semisynthetic.

Ukukhuluma ngokuqondile, i-tetracycline ye-semisynthetic yamanje iyinhlawulo yezidakamizwa, Ihlukaniswe kusuka Ama-microorganisms aphilayo. Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ama-antibiotic adalwe ngosizo lwezobuchwepheshe zamuva ziphephile kakhulu ezigulini.

Ububanzi bemikhiqizo yomndeni kaTetracycline bukhulu kakhulu. Ngakho, asetshenzisiwe:

• Ngezinqubo zokuvuvukala kwepheshana eliphezulu nelingaphansi kokuphefumula (i-bronchitis, i-tracheitis, i-pneumonia, i-ephemas ye-pleura) ebangelwa ama-microbes ezibucayi;
• Ukwelashwa kwezifo ze-ENT;
• Ukwelashwa kwezifo zeso;
• Lapho ukwelashwa izifo ezithathelwanayo ze-genitourinary sphere (i-cystitis, i-prostatitis, i-pyelonephritis, i-gonorrhea, i-syphilis);
• Ukwelashwa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo nezifo ezingapheli zesibindi kanye ne-biliary tract (cholecystitis, isifo samathambo);
• Ukwelashwa kwezifo zesikhumba (ama-abscesses, furuncles, panaricium);
• Lapho ukwelashwa izimo ze-feverish (umkhuhlane Ku, umkhuhlane obonakalayo wezintaba eziphuzi).

Izinhlobo zezidakamizwa

Imbonini yezemithi ikhiqiza ngokuphumelelayo imithi emibili yezokwelapha ezisekelwe ezintweni ezibonakalayo zemvelo, kanye nezidakamizwa ezingezakhiwe. Namuhla, akusiwo kuphela i-tetracycline esetshenziswayo - izifaniso zesizukulwane esisha zithathe indawo yazo emndenini omkhulu wama-antibiotics.

Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwama-semisynthetic omunye angabiza i-doxycycline ne-metacycline (izidakamizwa ze-oxytetracycline). Isizukulwane esilandelayo se-tetracycline saba i-morphocycline ne-glycocycline. Futhi ukulungiswa okusha okuhlangene "Oleandomycin" kusekelwe oletetrin kanye ne-olemorphocycline.

I-Minocycline yathandwa kakhulu.

Enye yezinto ezikhiqizwa kakhulu namuhla "i-Doxycycline" nezinyathelo zayo, kodwa kanye nemithi emisha kakhulu, "iTetracycline" nayo ikhiqizwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inendawo ebalulekile kulolu chungechunge lwema-antibiotics.

Amafomu we-dosage abuye ashintshe. Ekhulwini lokugcina kwakukhona amaphilisi kanye nesisombululo se-powder for injection.

Amafomu okuqala e-tetracycline ayengama-powders. Zabalelwa ku-saline futhi zijowe nge-intramuscularly. Ekuqaleni, amanani ayemkhulu ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphansi kwezinto ezisebenzayo, futhi ukujova kwakunzima kakhulu. Kamuva, kanye nemivimbo, amaphilisi asetshenziswa.

Amathebulethi nama Capsules

Namuhla, ama- antibiotics ochungechunge lwe-tetracycline ayinkululeko enkulu ye-lyophilates, amaphilisi, amafutha, ama-drops eye, ama-syrups. Ama-capsules manje aqukethe i-tetracycline avele. Amaphilisi e-analogue ngezinga elithile axazulula inkinga yomphumela omubi we-antibiotic esiswini nasendleleni yokugaya ukudla. Namuhla, ama- antibiotic amaningi weqembu le- tetracyclines yokuphathwa ngomlomo akhishwa kuphela ngamakhisolisi noma amaphilisi aqoshiwe. Lezi zidakamizwa zisekelwe kulezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• I-Doxycycline ("i-Bassado", "i-Vidokcin", i- "Dovitsin", "i-Doxycycline"),
• I-Oleandomycin ("i-Oletetrin"),
• U-Oxytetracycline no-erythromycin (i- "Ericycline"),
• I-Minocycline (i-Minocycline)

Futhi ngesisekelo se-tetracycline efanele: "iTetracycline AKOS", "iTetracycline LekT", i-tetracycline hydrochloride.

Ukusetshenziswa kwala mafomu okulinganisa kuboniswa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokutheleleka kwangaphakathi: urogenital, bronchopulmonary, emathunjini. Zisetshenziswa njengesengezo ekwelapheni izifo ze-ENT nezinkinga zesikhumba. Nika izidakamizwa zeqembu le-tetracycline kubantu abadala nabantwana abaneminyaka engu-8 kuya kwengu-12 ubudala (kuye ngokuthi izidakamizwa). Ngakho-ke, i-tetracycline ne-metacycline inqunywe kusukela eminyakeni engu-8, i-doxycycline - kusukela ku-9, i-oxytartarcicline-kusuka ku-10.

Kodwa-ke, akufanele uzithenge ngokwakho esikhundleni semithi enqunyiwe, esekelwe ku-tetracycline, i-analogue. Futhi imfundo, ifundwe ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuthatha imithi, futhi ukubuyekezwa okuhle okuqoqiwe mayelana nomuthi akuyona isiqinisekiso sokuthi ikhambi likufanelekile. Yebo, izimpawu ezichazwe kwisichazamazwi futhi izimpawu onakho zingalingana; Yebo, umakhelwane owakuleka le mithi, wazizwa engcono emva kwephilisi yokuqala; Yebo, izithako ezisebenzayo zombili izidakamizwa zifana ngokufanayo ... Kodwa kukhona into eyodwa, futhi ochwepheshe abapheli ukukusho. Lapho echaza lo muthi, udokotela ucabangela izici eziningi. Njengomthetho, imithi eyanconywa nguye inhle kakhulu kulesi simo. Ngakho ungahlanganyeli ekusebenzeni kwe-amateur.

Kuyini i-lyophilizate?

Ilungiselelwe ngendlela ekhethekile (ngokuqhwayiza nokugoma), i-powder, ehlanjululwe bese isetshenziselwa umjovo usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile. Ukujova kungaba yinkimbinkimbi. I-Liofilizate inezinzuzo eziningi, ingagcinwa isikhathi eside kunama-antibiotic akhiqizwa ezinye izindlela, inomuthi ophezulu owusizo, ungenelela kangcono futhi usheshe ungene.

Kodwa-ke, uma ulungiselela isisombululo futhi uyayilawula, kufanele ulandele imiyalelo ngokucophelela, ngaphandle kwalokho umuthi ungase ulahlekelwe izakhiwo zawo eziwusizo noma ungalimaza isiguli.

I-tetracycline ngokwayo ingasetshenziswa njengeziphilisi, ama-capsules kanye ne-solution-powder. I-lyophilisate ayisekelwe kulo, kodwa eziningi eziningana zayo zesizukulwane esisha (i- "Vidokcin", "Tagitzil") zikhiqizwa kuphela njenge-lyophilizate yezijovo.

Yini enye engayenza esikhundleni se-tetracycline? I-analogue yayo, okhethwe njalo - "i-Doxycycline." Imithi iyaqhubeka ukudayiswa kokubili kuma-capsules futhi njenge-lyophilizate.

Tetracycline nge-nystatin

Lesi sidakamizwa isizukulwane esisha, esingenayo isenzo sokulwa nesandulela ngculazi kuphela, kodwa futhi siyi-antifungal. Iqukethe i-tetracycline ne-nystatin ngokulingana okulinganayo, inesisindo esikhulu, isetshenziselwa ukutheleleka kwe-ENT, i-pneumonia, i-cholecystitis, izifo ze-venereal, izifo zamathumbu, izigaxa, izifo ezithathelwanayo zamathambo nezicubu ezithambile. Ikhiqizwe ngamaphilisi aqoshiwe.

Izingosi eziningi azibheki kahle izidakamizwa "i-Nystatin", "i-Oletetrin", "i-Tetracycline" njengezingxenye zamathebulethi "iTetracycline nge-nystatin." Ama-analogue ahlangene ngokuphelele ekusebenzeni kanye nemodi yesenzo nalesi sidakamizwa akwenziwe ngempela. Izidakamizwa okukhulunywe ngenhla zisebenza kancane kancane ngemisebenzi yayo.

Ama-syrups nokumiswa

Ngokujwayelekile asetshenziselwa izingane zokwelashwa kukhona ukumiswa kanye namasirasi asekelwe kuwo. Bonke abazali bayazi ukuthi izingane zingaphuza kanjani ukuphuza amaphilisi amabi, hhayi okuhlukile kanye ne- tetracycline (amaphilisi). Ama-analogues - ukumiswa okuvumela ukugcoba ukunambitheka okungajabulisi komuthi, kwamukele ukutholwa kwawo. I-pharmacology ikhiqiza ikakhulukazi ama-powders akhethekile, abuye ahlanjululwe esimweni sokumiswa, bese isiraphu.

Njengoba i-powder yokumiswa, i-tetracycline ne-tetracycline hydrochloride ikhishwa. Phakathi kwezidakamizwa ezizukulwaneni ezintsha kungabizwa ngokuthi i-doxycycline hydrochloride, doxycycline monohydride, i-oxytetracycline hydrochloride.

Ukusetshenziswa kokumiswa kuvame ukuqhutshwa ngemikhuhlane kanye ne-pathologies ye-bronchopulmonary ezinganeni.

Amafutha

Amafutha avela ku-tetracycline aklanyelwe ukusetshenziswa kwangaphandle kanye nokwelapha izifo zeso. Akusekho esidlule, amafutha e-tetracycline ayesidinga, kwakunqunyelwe ngisho nezingane (kusukela eminyakeni engu-8). Kodwa isikhathi asimi, imakethe yezokwelapha igcwaliswa nemithi yanamuhla echitha imithi kusukela ezikhathini zomama nogogo. Yini engayinqoba le mafutha? Sabiza ama-analogs tetracycline ngenhla. Kulamalungiselelo ngesisekelo salo, okhiqizwa kuleli fomu, ungabiza ngokuthi "Kolbitsion", okuyinto, ngaphezu kwe-tetracycline, ifaka i-chloramphenicol ne-colistimetate. "I-Tebridex" ibonakele ukuthi yi-candidate enhle, nakuba i-tobramycin, futhi ayiyona i-analog ye-tetracycline, nakuba inomphumela ofanayo.

Amafutha okusetshenziswa kwangaphandle (tetracycline) angashintshwa futhi nomuthi "Tetracycline AKOS". Ngokuvamile, kunama-substitutes amaningi anconywayo, kodwa izinto zabo ezisebenzayo azizona zeqembu lezidakamizwa ezicatshangwayo, zinomphumela ofanayo.

Amaconsi

Izizukulwane ezintsha zezidakamizwa ezisekelwe ku-doxycycline ziyatholakala njengamaconsi asehlo. Lokhu, ngokwesibonelo, "Hlanganisa", kuphumelela ekuhloleleni okuningi kweso.

Ukuze kufakwe esikhundleni se-antibiotic efana ne-tetracycline, isisombululo "i-Oxytetracycline" (isisombululo) singabhekwa kuphela ngokomzimba. Futhi ubeke amehlo abo kuphela ezimweni ezimbi futhi ngaphansi kokuqondiswa udokotela.

Njengoba ilungiselelo lemehlo, amafutha e- tetracycline ophthalmic (1% no-3%) nawo asetshenziselwa, kodwa azikho amalungiselelo asekelwe kwezinye izilwa-antibiotics zalesi qembu.

Lokho okushiwo yi-contraindications

Ngokuvamile, uma lesi sidakamizwa singasetshenziselwa ngesisekelo sezinto ezifana ne-tetracycline, i-analogue kanye nendawo ephuma kuleli qembu iyona efanelekile. Udokotela uzobeka umuthi omusha wesizukulwane (i-doxycycline, i-oxytetracycline, i-metacycline), engasetshenziswa kuleso simo, futhi sizosebenza ngempumelelo.

Phakathi kokuphikisana okujwayelekile kungabizwa ngokuthi:

• Ukusabela okwe-allergen kuya tetracycline;
• Ukukhulelwa;
• Isikhathi sokuncelisa;
• Unyaka wezingane kuze kube yiminyaka engu-8;
• Umonakalo omkhulu wesibindi.

Yini eyingozi ukusetshenziswa kwe-tetracycline kanye nezifaniso zayo?

Isici sawo wonke ama-antibiotic ukuthi ukuthi abangela imiphumela eminingi emibi. Akuyona ihlukile kanye ne-tetracycline. Ama-analogues (noma yikuphi kwesizukulwane esisha) nawo aneningi lawo. Ngakho-ke, imiphumela emibi kakhulu evame ukufakwa kwesikhathi esifushane kuyoba:

• Ukunciphisa ukudla, ukuhlanza noma isicanucanu;
• Usizi nosizi;
• Isifo sohudo, flatulence;
• Ukuvuvukala kwe-mucosa yesisu, isisu somzimba kanye ne-proctitis.

Ngokusebenzisa isikhathi eside phakathi kwezibonakaliso ezingathandeki, iziguli zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi:

• Kubonakaliswe ukuwohloka kwamaqhoshi wamazinyo;
• Stomatitis;
• Ukwandisa izifo ze-urinary tract;
• Ukuzwela okukhulu ekukhanyeni kwelanga;
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo ze-fungal.

Kungenzeka yini ukufaka esikhundleni seTetracycline ngempumelelo?

Ngokuvamile lo mbuzo Kukhathazeka labo abaqaphela impilo yabo futhi bafunde imiyalelo yokusetshenziswa kwesidakamizwa esinqunyiwe.

Ngeke ukwazi ukubiza umuthi ongenalutho, into esemqoka esebenzayo yi-tetracycline. I-analogue (noma yiyiphi yamaqembu), njengeyokuqala, izoba nokuphikisana okuningi. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi lesi sidakamizwa sabekwa udokotela, futhi kufanele kuqala ahlole izinzuzo ezilindelekile zesicelo kanye nemiphumela emibi engenzeka.

Odokotela banikeze imishanguzo (lokhu kusebenza eqenjini le-tetracyclines) kuphela kulawo maqiniso uma inzuzo idlula imiphumela engafanele.

Ngeke neze ukwazi ukusebenzisa lokhu kulungiselelwa noma ukufana kwazo ngokuzimela. Lokhu kusebenza futhi ekusetshenzisweni kwama-oopments. Phela, ukusebenzisa kwabo isikhathi eside kungabangela izinkinga ezinkulu.