Okuhlezi emqondweni setshe ukhonkolo. Okuhlezi emqondweni enezisekelo zikakhonkolo: Ubukhulu, izici, intengo

Ukusetshenziswa kwemiqondo emisha engokwesayensi neyezobuchwepheshe obonakalayo ikakhulukazi ukwakhiwa - ezindaweni ezahlukene iplanethi avele izindawo, ukwakhiwa obekufanele engacabangeki esikhathini esithile esidlule.

izinto ezintsha, imishini emisha kanye namathuluzi akuvumela ukwakha ngejubane, ngezinga eliphakeme, ithembeke. Kodwa kukhona ukwakhiwa ubuchwepheshe izakhi ukuthi asilahlekelwa ukuqondana abo isikhathi eside kakhulu. Lona setshe ukhonkolo - isimiso yasungulwa nengxenye engaphezu kweyikhulu edlule, kodwa ngeke akwenze ngaphandle amaphrojekthi Futuristic kakhulu.

Patent 1867

Abantu abaningi bayazazi indaba wensimu French Zhozefa Mone, okuyinto Bezama ukwenza kubo mncane ngodonga ukhonkolo emgqonyeni Uhlaka lwensimbi izinduku walembesa ungqimba usimende nosimende. I kwaphumela umkhiqizo Monolithic anezakhi ongenakuwufinyelela ezinye izinto. Monier lobunikazi emazweni ahlukahlukene, izindlela zokukhiqiza ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu ka imiklamo ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nalezo base sanikeza setshe ukhonkolo izindonga ngodonga.

abakhi abangochwepheshe wenza izichibiyelo zawo ekuthuthukiseni umsunguli: wayegunde nokufakwa okulungile ungqimba oluphakathi nendawo ngokhonkolo, futhi izibalo luye lwabonisa ukuthi indawo yezinyoni ukuqinisa Kufanele kukhethwe esekelwe esimweni esithile, ikhumbula imithwalo isetshenziswa iyunithi kwesakhiwo. Ngakho, ovundlile RC slabs luqiniswe okunengqondo, obeka izinduku eduze indiza phansi ipuleti, - lapho enkulu eqine amabutho.

Ngcono ubuchwepheshe

Namuhla kwagcizelela ukhonkolo zinikwa izakhiwo ezidingekayo ukuze izimo okukhethekile kakhulu. Force izakhi - ezinkanjini ukuqinisa - flat futhi ngekwendzawo avela prestressed (String, Beam) luqiniswe izici ngcono kwesakhiwo. admixtures abahlukahlukene ukhonkolo ingasheshi noma ukusheshisa kulungiselelwa futhi amandla ukuthuthukiswa. ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu kabanzi lisetshenziswe ukwakhiwa njengoba, izinto olulodwa eliyingqayizivele, futhi okukhulu, izakhiwo ukonga.

Processability, amandla, ukuqina, umswakama, bio- nomlilo, umnotho - kwalezi zimo ezinhle eyayikuzo ngeke isimo ukusetshenziswa ngokhonkolo njalo nakakhulu esikhathini esizayo. Monolithic RC slabs noma alungiselelwe prefabricated ukwakhiwa kwezindlu bayofuna isikhathi eside kakhulu, ngoba, phakathi kokunye, aqukethe izithako zemvelo, ngale miklamo kukhona imvelo kabusha kalula futhi basetshenziswe.

Izinhlobo enezisekelo zikakhonkolo

Ngesikhathi esikhundleni isicelo ababonakali ngezikhundla isisekelo, umgwaqo kanye phansi Slabs. umkhiqizo ababhekene nesimo esinje kungabaduduza ekhiqizwa embonini bese uyiswa wezinsimbi esakhiweni ezifakiwe. Ngokuvamile kwagcizelela setshe ukhonkolo, kanye neminye imikhiqizo ye-prefabricated izindlu, omiswe Welding esebenzisa esishunyekiwe metal izingxenye.

Ibhodi kungenziwa ekhiqizwa endaweni. I setshe Monolithic njengoba isisekelo apharathasi ngoba phansi Lesisemkhatsini ophahleni isembozo, ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa izikhungo noma izakhiwo okungezona ezijwayelekile lapho isicelo crane nzima adingekayo ukufakwa Precast imikhiqizo ukhonkolo. Imakethe inikeza inombolo ezanele amadivayisi (kuhlanganise bezinhlamvu), okwenza le nqubo ezingabizi futhi self-ukwakhiwa.

isisekelo elintantayo

Lesi sakhiwo base ngaphansi kwesakhiwo - hhayi ukhetho eshibhe, kodwa ngokuvamile - the enengqondo kakhulu. Monolithic kwagcizelela setshe ukhonkolo, ukuphinda ngokuya uhlaka izindonga zangaphandle phansi kuqala, ngokuvamile okuthiwa isisekelo esintantayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthwalo izingxenye ngazinye isakhiwo idluliselwa enhlabathini isisekelo cooker nombala usebenza njengothisha isici esisodwa, akusiyo kuncike ukusonteka ngenxa ugonyuluka nenhlabathi, ka okokuqandisa noma komhlaba okusezingeni eliphezulu izindawo ukujula ezinkulu. Yiqiniso, konke lokhu kusebenza setshe isisekelo, ababulawa izinga elifanele.

Elibalulekile futhi kuqhathaniswa eqolo kuzo zonke zemibono idivayisi esiteji sale isisekelo ukulungiselela isisekelo isihlabathi, okuzokwenza ukubunjwa ipuleti. Kumele wenze ethile yokwemba, ugcwalise futhi icwecwe esihlabathini - amanzi bechitha noma compaction.

Ukufakwa isisekelo ipuleti

Isendlalelo aphansi ngokuvamile iphuma geotextile ukuthi singenalo angena singene ikhambi inhlabathi. Khona-ke, i-yokululama ukulungiselela ukhonkolo ukuze ungangenisi amanzi. Ngemva lukhuni lokhu ungqimba avule umqulu nokuvikela agqagqene futhi gluing.

Ukuqinisa yidivayisi ezimbili oxhumene anezikhala izingqimba. Ukuqinisa imigoqo ungqimba aphansi ezifakiwe e izibopho ekhethekile, ukuze ibizwa lalihlehliswa ungqimba ukhonkolo. Concreting sizikhandle kwenziwe ngqo ugqoko Mixer Truck, amaphampu Ukhonkolo, njll Ngemva kokuphulukisa isikhathi wabeka setshe ukhonkolo, isisekelo ilungele ukuba kwakhiwe le ndlu.

A setshe phansi Monolithic

Ngo ezinjalo isisekelo sawo esakhiwe ongaphakeme liphumele wokwakha phansi ziphonswe ku formwork endaweni, wasebenzisa isikhathi esiningi kakhulu. Ukuze lokhu kukhona izimfanelo ezithile. Ngaphandle nje kokuthi jikelele ukhonkolo izimfanelo ezinhle - amandla, ukumelana umlilo, ukusatshalaliswa umfaniswano ukucindezeleka waqonda - zikhona izinzuzo ezithile ekukhetheni ubuchwepheshe. Chief phakathi kwabo - ukuntuleka isidingo osindayo imishini yokwakha kanye nokwenzeka agqagqene amadivayisi yanoma iluphi ngeqhinga umbono.

Bala edingekayo ipuleti ukujiya nokuqiniswa yayo izikimu kungcono ishiyelwe ubuciko. Kwezinye izimo kubalulekile ukwazi lokhu okulandelayo. Plate akuyona ohlabayo kuka-150 mm, ukushuba setshe kunqunywa kusukela ubude beso ezidlulanayo ku ezahlukene 1:30 - 1:35. Lapho abantu abalwazi kahle ulimi kuyadingeka ukukhumbula ngokuqinisa emaphethelweni ipuleti ezimise U-futhi kubakaki L-okwenyanga.

ubuchwepheshe Izici

Zikhona ongakhetha eziningi ngoba formwork reusable for slabs Monolithic emakethe. Kodwa uyithenga abiza kakhulu umakhi amateur. Nakuba zikhona amathuba ukuthatha snap professional phandle, futhi lokhu kungaba okuhle kakhulu - isiqinisekiso isivinini kanye nekhwalithi amadivayisi agqagqene. Kunoma ikuphi, kufanele kusetshenziswe njengoncedo ukwesekwa Racks telescopic esivumelana okungaphezu amabhodi noma imigoqo, njengoba agqoke formwork angabekwa kubaluleke kakhulu.

Concreting kuyadingeka ukuze afeze ngesinyathelo esisodwa, kanye noku- isixwayisi ingxube. Kuyinto izinsuku ezintathu zokuqala moisturize spray ukhonkolo ukugwema ngokuhlaziya kusukela omiswe engalingani.

Precast ukhonkolo

Ukwakhiwa imikhiqizo ukhonkolo ekhiqizwa factory umugqa ekhethekile, kubhekwa ofanele kakhulu mass multi-storey izakhiwo zokuhlala. Kodwa ubukhulu elincane Cottages prefabricated slabs - ngempela kukho efanelekayo. Prefabricated kwagcizelela setshe ukhonkolo - kukho eshibhile zokuphindaphindeka, bangakwazi ukukhwezwa ngo yimuphi sezulu, futhi ijubane ukufakwa iphezulu kakhulu.

Kunzima zisebenzisa ezinkulu Precast setshe isisindo zazo kwagcizelela enezisekelo zikakhonkolo. Ubukhulu zabo ziyisiliva ejwayelekile - lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe esigabeni design. Enye inkinga - isidingo crane, ngisho endaweni encane ukugqagqana.

Izinhlobo slabs prefabricated

Solid, ipuleti okuqinile esetshenziselwa izakhiwo akhethekile izingxenye: njengoba ukulungisa izakhi noma amashaneli ewachitha kudivayisi nezokuxhumana. Basuke zihlukaniswa amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu nesisindo.

Plates kokuba izimbotshana isiyingi noma arc emise longitudinal, ilula futhi ube ngcono umsindo nokushisa ukwahlukanisa izici. ozwakala-core ukhonkolo slabs - uhlobo umkhiqizo esetshenziselwa slabs Precast. Zisetshenziswa ezakhiweni amandla ukhonkolo Uhlaka, ukwakhiwa prefabricated, izindonga brick, njll Igebe ingasetshenziswa laying samakhebula izinhlelo zokusebenza ahlukahlukene - .. Electric, low-voltage.

Uhlobo lwesithathu - ribbed noma hipped, ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa embonini yezokwakha lokumboza nezipani ezinkulu. I ukushuba we Lamadwala imiphetho ngaphandle kwamandla - ka 140-160 mm.

ukuqinisa prestressed, okwenza ukusebenza amandla ukusebenza kwabo efanayo Monolithic w / w izibuya esetshenziswa ukwenziwa Slabs.

osayizi Standard izingqimba

Ukusetshenziswa Precast phansi eziyize kumele inikezwe at the stage of ukuklama indlu esizayo. osayizi Standard izingqimba kungaba lunqume e uhlelo lokuthuthukisa yendlu esizayo. Ukweqa, okuyinto kuzodinga Umumo angajwayelekile noma ipuleti osayizi zingabiza kakhulu.

Ngakho-ke, umklamo kufanele ondle ukusetshenziswa nezakhiwo ejwayelekile: ipuleti ukujiya - 220 mm, nobubanzi - 1 1.2 futhi 1.5 m, futhi ubude - kusuka 2.4 kuya 9 m, ukuphindaphinda kwe-100 mm.

Izindlela ukukhiqizwa slabs

Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa eziyize-core Slabs. Omunye - zendabuko ezingaphezu, usebenzisa esebenza shuttering isikhunta ukuze slabs njalo, predetermined usayizi amazinga. Emva ukufakwa nokufakwa futhi izakhi obumba imigodi, isikhunta ligcwele mix ukhonkolo kanye eliwu kunonophisa luhlelo sokwelapha ngokhonkolo wabakhwelisa amandla. Etholwe ngale ndlela enezisekelo zikakhonkolo GOST 9561-91 liyala ukumaka izinhlamvu PC.

Kwesinye - intuthuko - is edonswa ipuleti imi ukhaphethi evuthayo njengoba iribhoni esiqhubekayo 100-200 amamitha ubude usebenzisa udini umshini ekhethekile. Prestressing kuyinto ifomu tensioned le izindophi steel kwesigaba edingekayo. Lapho ufika ngezinga elithile amandla ingxube ithephu usike ngethuluzi idayimane zibe izingxenye ubude oyifunayo ngisho zibheke ohlangothini edingekayo. enezisekelo zikakhonkolo etholakala, ogama intengo 20% leliphasi kunaleyo imikhiqizo ezivamile - ikhasethi - indlela yokukhiqiza. izimpawu Make enjalo ipuleti PB.

Amagama eziyize slabs phansi eziningana amaqembu nezinhlamvu zamagama nezinombolo. Zimelela uhlobo, ubude nobubanzi e decimeters, design umthwalo (KPA), uhlobo ekilasini ukuqinisa. Isibonelo: PC 63-12-8- ATV - ipuleti nge round izimbotshana 63 DM ubude, ububanzi 12 DM, umthwalo umthamo - 800 khilogremu m ^{2 ngayinye,} ATV - isitayela umsipha.

Ukufakwa panel prefabricated

Izinga Precast setshe-core slabs incike ukulungiselela efanele lapha, nge ukufakwa ngokucophelela futhi enembile amapuleti inqubo nge nokuqapha njalo inqubo insimbi wokulinganisa.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka ukwakhiwa ungakwazi kuphela akhiphe kahle uma node eziveza ipuleti obondeni noma ikholomu. I of the eziveza ukujula elikhulu kuyakhethwa esekelwe isakhiwo odongeni, indaba kusuka lapho izakhiwo esindayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-metal imishayo ngokwanele 70mm eziveza ungcwecwe ngengxube kwagcizelela izikhonkwane ukhonkolo - 75 mm, odongeni isitini - 90 mm.

Ukuze izindonga, lapho impahla esetshenziswa njengoba yezinhlobo ongaphakeme eziveza umthamo - ukukhanya zikasimende, noma igesi silicate Polymer iphaneli, ngokuvamile ochwepheshe phezulu ukuncoma ukwakha ukuqinisa ukhonkolo Ukubeka namanetha, okuzokwenza ukuncika setshe.

abakhi efaneleyo sivezwe ngokucacile ngokuhamba inhlangano yabantwana slabs prefabricated. Uma yasibamba slabs izingxenye esishunyekiwe ashiselwe komunye nomunye senzeka kungekho izingxenye ebumbeneko, kanye nodoti okungahleliwe umphini - kufanele kuqashelwe, okukhulu kakhulu ingozi ekubhujisweni lonke isakhiwo isakhiwo.

amapuleti umgwaqo

Umkhiqizo libizwa setshe - a parallelepiped nge Ubukhulu lapho ukujiya lincane kakhulu ubude noma ububanzi. Lokhu kusebenza ngokugcwele slabs egandayiwe. Zisetshenziswa lokunameka okuqinile kudivayisi umgwaqo noma airfield zezindiza. enamathela enjalo ingase ibe unomphela noma okwesikhashana, isb. E., Lezi amapuleti ingasetshenziswa izikhathi eziningana, futhi lena enye yezinzuzo ubuchwepheshe. ukhonkolo setshe ukubala wenziwa esekelwe emkhakheni kwesicelo, umthwalo phezu kuhlelwe Ukusabalala futhi inkonzo nokuphila.

Lapho ebeka umgandayo slabs kubaluleke kakhulu qualitatively afeze ukulungiselela ledzingekako base - ngokuvamile ungqimba zokulala zamatshe ochotshoziwe amatshe nesihlabathi isiguqo ukushuba oyifunayo kanye kwabantu.

Hlukanisa amapuleti komgwaqo futhi airfield, ngoba enamathela unomphela noma okwesikhashana. Ahluke ukujiya kanye uhlobo imikhiqizo esetshenziswa womshini yayo valve. Zonke lezi idatha ziyabonakala ku Ukumaka isetshenziswa plate.

Isibonelo: 1P30.18-30AV - kwagcizelela setshe ukhonkolo, Ubukhulu - 3000h1750 mm, ukuze enamathela okuqhubekayo (2N - yesikhashana) ibalwa ngaphansi imoto nesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angu-30, i-steel yokugcizelela esetshenziswa ekilasini AB.

isinqumo esifanele

Khetha okukhethwa kukho kusukela ekwakhiweni kwesisekelo, izindonga, iphansi noma egandayiwe zezindiza kusiza eziklanywe kahle iphrojekthi esiteji. izitshalo Modern imikhiqizo ukhonkolo ukunikela anhlobonhlobo izingxenye eseqedile izidingo ezithile zohlelo ukwakhiwa.

Thenga enezisekelo zikakhonkolo, okuyinto intengo ngempela ngokusesilinganisweni, futhi ikhwalithi - bavumelane kwezinkambiso nemigomo, kuyinto ehluke ngempela.