Non-esuselwe futhi esuselwe amazwi: izibonelo

Morphologically EsiZulwini asinayo ingxenye izwi linencazelo lucebe - kuyisisekelo, it is kuye ke amazwi ezahlukene ze-non-esuselwe futhi esuselwe. isizinda ngasinye has kwesokudla: ikhipha futhi wokufihla.

umehluko

isisekelo Non-esuselwe hhayi wokufihla wabashukumisa, ngoba asikwazi bachaza ngosizo amazwi ahlobene, futhi kuba morphologically nechlenima. Uma sibheka ukwakheka kwazo ayo, okulingana impande izwi. Ngokwesibonelo: ugodo -a; th abanesibindi; uhlobo -O; s emifuleni nokunye.

Lezi izisekelo non-esuselwe. Futhi leli gama lisuselwa egameni ngokwezwi kulezi zici ungabahlukanisa: wokufihla eyashukumisela, uchaza ukukhethwa izisekelo ezihlobene. Isakhiwo kuba chlenima lula ku amabili alinganayo iyunithi ukubaluleka, ukuthi kakhulu isisekelo, ukwakha amagama etholakala, futhi bethela preformative. Izibonelo kungaba okufanayo: ugodo -n-th; -skeleton abanesibindi; uhlobo-evela-a;

Block lokuqala - isizinda

amazwi Non-esuselwe futhi esuselwe ubheke indawo kwemagama, lapho umqondo ephakathi kuyisisekelo - base noma ukukhiqiza. Kusukela esisekelweni ngesimo, incazelo, ukuthi ilungile, uboniswa esuselwe, ngokunembile ngoba kubhekwa esekele ngokuba esuselwe substrate. Ngakho, kumila igama esuselwe luyisisekelo zishukumise. Ngokwesibonelo, e izwi womtholo ist- isisekelo oluyisisekelo kuqala - izinkuni, kodwa ngesisekelo Isiphawulo lesist- zishukumise. Ngakho ezahlukene futhi amazwi esuselwe nemikhiqizo.

Block lokuqala leli gama wokwakha isisekelo sakhiwo yizinkuni, kuyinto base, njengoba kunoma yiliphi elinye igama elisuselwa. Yena, bangaba ongewona esuselwe, ngoba konke kuncike ikhono ukugqekeza amalungu ngamanye. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi ebiyelwe ngamapulangwe -skeleton. Kuzo zonke izimo, it imayelana esuselwe esiteji. Lokho, isinyathelo sokuqala - a esuselwe izwi, lisuselwa morpheme impande, kukhona isisekelo non-esuselwe, futhi zonke izinyathelo okwalandela nilenza ize izwi esuselwe.

izikimu

Izisetshenziswa ezilethwayo kanye engeke stem yegama e oyiyo okwakhayo kungaba omelelwa izikimu elandelayo:

1. base Eyisisekelo (I) + Isijobelelo preformative (II) + inflexion. Izibonelo: -skeleton abaziqhenyayo; -k-futhi peq; knizh n-th.

2. IZwi-kumiswa Isiqalo (II) + base nohlaka (I) + inflexion. Izibonelo: HA vseg yebo; pra- VNU k.

3. Igama-kumiswa Isiqalo (II) + base nohlaka (I) + Isijobelelo derivational (II) + inflexion. Izibonelo: izingxoxo co -Alukho-k; ulwandle keni rd -rm.

Ngaleyo ndlela kungashiwo washayelwa kusukela izikimu ngenhla amaphethini eziyisisekelo kwezwi kwetinhlavu isiRashiya. Izisetshenziswa ezilethwayo kanye non-base amazwi eklanywe ngempela kalula.

eziyisisekelo eyisisekelo

Umthetho wokuqala: izwi njalo ezakhiwe nohlaka core, elitholakala ngolimi nosizo kule nqubo, affixes derivational. Ngokuvamile, isisekelo eziyisisekelo - umqondo obusebenzayo, ngoba kungaba eziningi amazwi okufanayo, eqinisweni kusukela empandeni esifanayo, sikwazi ukwakha nabanye abambalwa futhi ngezinye izikhathi eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, ibizo zenzeka zonke izinhlobo tiphawulo, okuyinto kuhluke kuphela okwakhayo affixes: ikhanda -a - ikhanda -n-th - ikhanda -ast lokuqala; - Eye n-th - iso -ast lokuqala, nokunye.

Zonke amazwi babe impahla nemikhiqizo kanye non-Lisho ukuthini igama elithi kusukela kule ixhomeke. Kodwa ngohlaka eyisiqalo zonke nemikhiqizo. Uma yena chlenima isizinda, khona-ke kukhona ubunzima, ngisho amaphutha affixes okwakhayo. Ngokwesibonelo: libito, njengoba ithalente, livela isiphawulo abanamakhono, hhayi okuphambene nalokho, kwenzeka njalo. Ibizo ithalente lokuqala kwaba ukwakha -liv ithalente lokuqala, futhi lapha kuphela futhi kwakukhona Ibizo esisha bethela - emgogodleni. Ngaphandle kwalokho, besingaba babe "ithalente -skeleton" njengoba into amabi.

affixes

Umthetho wesibili: wonke amagama ngomqondo othile lezisekelo eziyisisekelo etholakala ngokuzikhandla bethela efanayo noma into efana nayo. Lapha, isimiso derivability semantic ukukhonza isisekelo ubudlelwane ugqozi emagama lalula nemikhiqizo yabo. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwandisa eyinkimbinkimbi isimiso lo mkhuba amazwi amaningi. NgesiRashiya, iningi polysemous yabo, futhi lokhu kubonakala kwemagama.

isakhiwo semantic we esuselwe nezwi multivalued yasekuqaleni kaningi ehluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Esuselwe ngokuvamile inokuthile ukwenza into eyodwa, value ehlukile, futhi lokhu kuhluke kanjani eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo. Lapha indima esemqoka eyadlalwa nemikhiqizo kanye non-izwi isisekelo. Izibonelo ingatholakala yonke indawo. Thatha ubudala isiphawulo. Amanani naye ezimbalwa: umuntu, isilwane noma into uye esegugile; okuthile eside, ekhona kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo; osekuyisikhathi eside sisetshenziswa, ubudala, fuck up ngezikhathi ezithile; ubudala; ezingenamsebenzi, ezingavumelekile; indala futhi isiphelelwe isikhathi, ngaphandle usuku okuningi. Iqembu lisuselwa elithi futhi lihlotshaniswa eziningi lokuqala base umthombo elisekela inani: senile ixhegu baguge impela, esemdala, ukuguga, ubudala nokunye. Ngakho kubonakala okunye, ushintsha ukubaluleka kokuqala.

amazwi Non-esuselwe

Kuyaziwa ukuthi umngcele phakathi amakilasi ukuthi bamele ukuphikiswa ngqo ngalokho izwi esuselwe futhi okungezona esuselwe okuyinto, ngokuqinile ngokwanele. ukuhlaziywa Aktsentologichesky ima kwelokuthi bobabili umahluko ukuze izigaba ze-non-esuselwe eyakhe amazwi abangenalo maqondana semantic nanoma yimuphi izwi empeleni ekhona isiRashiya. Ziningi: wempahla, umbhali, ephilayo, amanzi, eqinile, thatha, nokunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, non-esuselwe kufanele kube igama nge odnomorfnoy base - zikhonkotha, egijima njalo njalo. Futhi phakathi kwabangewona esuselwe kuyoba igama, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, "lula le".

Luthini olwakho "nemikhiqizo kanye amazwi non-esuselwe" kuba sobala lapho ukucacisa izimiso uxhumano morpheme. Connections kungaba obukhulu hhayi. Indlela ukuxhuma ezimbili izwi-amafomu ngegama elilodwa? The main okuyingxenye - ngokuzimela ekhona ifomu elithi. Ukucubungula yokucwenga, obomvu amahle, nangaphakathi - kwesigidi izibonelo. Lona zokugcina - uvalwe wajoyina, futhi owokuqala - alengayo.

Igama nabo

It akakwazi kudidaniswe esuselwe futhi esikhiqiza igama. Ukukhiqiza - kusuka kuye isebenza ngqo, futhi kukhona esuselwe, backbone zabo zezimali wokuphindaphinda izici kwabazali, kodwa hhayi ngokuphelele, kanye mayelana indodana kufana, nonina, uyise, futhi ngisho omkhulu-anti: kukhona ekupheleni ufushanisiwe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kanye nesijobelelo iphele. Umsebenzi-nick - umsebenzi-amb; at-enxanxathela yezitolo ikesi - ne-enxanxathela yezitolo ke nokunye. Lapha esikhiqiza izwi umi, kanye esuselwe etholwe esebenzisa affixes futhi kuvamise kungabi ezifanayo namazwi nsuku isimiso.

Kule ndaba - "amazwi esuselwe futhi okungezona esuselwe" - isifinyezo sezinto sifundo Kungaba ezithakazelisayo, ngoba bheke kakhulu kakhulu nawo wonke amafomu okuba khona komuntu. Thishela umane komkhathi ukukhethwa izibonelo, ukuqhathanisa kanye imifanekiso.

ukuhlaziya

Ukuze uqhathanise ukuhlaziywa izwi esuselwe ngamazwi okuhlobene nakho, ukuthi iseduze lukhulu futhi umsindo, awukwazi, futhi kwenziwa kaningi impela. Kunzima kakhulu ukunikeza impendulo oluphelele yombuzo lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama amazwi non-esuselwe. Izisetshenziswa zemali futhi kulula ukusebenza. Leli gama ngokwalo sibanzi, njengoba ihlanganisa isidleke elikhulu derivational, lapho amagama ahlobene kungukuthi kuphela esikhiqiza uhlaka sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo, kodwa futhi amaningi amazwi abangenathuba maqondana ngqo kuso, eziningi izinhlangano ahlobene.

Ngokwesibonelo, isiphawulo esigcwele inkulumo-chiv kuqala. Ungakwazi ukuletha amazwi ahlobene: isikhathi lwesigodi-yus, isikhathi ukutshela-ke-hsia, isikhathi lwesigodi-ni, isikhathi amazwi-noma-amatende. Futhi kukhona eyodwa kuphela, kwesibili kuyoba elikhiqizayo, walibumba is ngokuqondile kuba isiphawulo. Eminyakeni emibili enze eyengeziwe, bona awuzibhebhezeli loxhumana ukuhlaziywa ekhethiwe isiqondiso, ngoba isiphawulo isikhathi lwesigodi-chiv kuqala kwakhiwa hhayi kusukela isenzo zebizo isikhathi inkulumo, okungukuthi, kusukela endaweni yalo substativnoy esikhiqiza, nesikhathi adlulile (ifomu) - kusukela kwekusebentisa, eyayihlanganisa zonke izinto tijobelelo okunye njengoba izakhi ezengeziwe. Kusuka lapha futhi kungabonwa, okusho non-esuselwe futhi esuselwe izwi elithi-kumiswa.

Nokho - Definition

amazwi Non-esuselwe kubhekwe njengento lezo abumane noma kwakhiwa kusuka kunoma iyiphi enye ekhona olulodwa-ibangelwa ngolimi amazwi. I-derivatives zamagama - lokwehlukile. Lokhu kumiswa amazwi osuvele ngolimi, ngosizo onobuhle ezahlukene kwakhiwa kwemagama. Into esishukumisela ukuba senze ke kukhona ubudlelwano phakathi kwala magama amabili cognate. Inani omunye wabo kunqunywa noma ngenye value (crab - crab-IR, okungukuthi, encane, kodwa namanje ekhipha), noma ngokusebenzisa ebunikazini kuzo zonke izingxenye, ngaphandle incazelo yohlelo inkulumo (White Ground - omhlophe-Phi-a , beige-to-kube - egijima njalo njalo).

uchungechunge okwakhayo ngokuthi uchungechunge amazwi nge impande ezivamile, kuthiwa njalo nesisusa. I kokuqala, ilinki yasekuqaleni - izwi unmotivated, ugqozi ke igama ngalinye elalisanda kumiswa ikhula. Ngakho kuchazwa, nemikhiqizo kanye amazwi esuselwe. Izibonelo: ubudala lokuqala - ubudala-et - the ubudala-et - the ubudala zidliwe lokuqala - the ubudala-el-awn. Lapha chelyh degrees ezine ugqozi, futhi ndawonye zenza kuze esidlekeni derivational, lapho amaphuphu okuningi kakhulu. Kokuqala izwi - sengathi inyoni-unina, uhlobo isiqongo - kuba unmotivated. Kusukela sekuza amaketanga izwi ukwakha ukuthi babe ngezwi elifanayo yasekuqaleni.

morpheme

Okokuqala, kufanele uhlinzeke izincazelo elementi isakhiwo ngasinye. Ingxenye izwi, okuyinto waveza nencazelo yalo lucebe ibizwa ngokuthi base. Flexion - lena ukuphela, okuyinto njalo sikhomba ratio izwi kwabanye. Impande yalo - ingxenye izwi, okuyinto evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke ahlobene. Affixes (noma formants) - morpheme, ngokujoyina phezulu futhi ukukhonza ukwakha amagama amasha.

izwi Russian Modern kumiswa senzeka ngezindlela eziningi - kokubili morphologically futhi nemorfologicheskimi. Okokuqala - iphethini morpheme ezihlanganiswe inqubo kwemagama.

izindlela ka kwemagama

Izindlela morphological kwemagama abasakwazi eziningi.

1. Yakha izisekelo, okungukuthi, ukwakheka lalukhuni abuye slozhnosokraschonnyh (umhlaba ezashintsha umlando, isibhakabhaka-Dome, umusi Yiqiniso futhi ipharadesi-com, ubuso-cha, BEAC Bank).

2. Akuvamile wasebenzisa indlela bezaffiksny isebenza kuphela emabito, lishintsha ngokuvumelana umsindo, futhi ekupheleni ukucindezeleka, kodwa ngesisekelo uhlala ingashintshiwe.

3. Affiksny - amafomu ezikhiqiza kakhulu, lapho ohlanganiswe morpheme impande, ukudala lucebe futhi nokusetshenziswa kolimi.

4. Isijobelelo - the Isijobelelo ukungezwa base.

5. prefixed - Isiqalo wanezela.

6. suffixal prefixing - ngokulandelana wanezela bese, nokuningi.

7. Postaffixal - bethela wanezela emva Ukuvalwa.

izindlela Nemorfologicheskih kwezwi kwetinhlavu zonke ezintathu: lucebe futhi semantic (igama nencazelo entsha yegama), lucebe futhi syntactic (yangaphambili ne imishwana efana-engqondweni-wehla) kanye morphological, syntactic, lapho amazwi babe neminye titfo tenkhulumo. Njengoba yayazi imithetho kwemagama, abantu kakade ungakwazi ukuphendula lokho amazwi nemikhiqizo kanye non-derivatives okuyizinto neze.