NgesiGreki Athena: Goddess amathempeli kanye eziqoshiwe. Umlando, tinganekwane izincazelo. Nethempeli uPallas Athena

Athena patronizes ukulwela ulwazi, emadolobheni kanye nemave, sciences kanye yezandla, ukukhalipha, amakhono, ethandaza kuyasiza ukuthuthukisa amakghonwabo endabeni ethile. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaba omunye nonkulunkulukazi ohlonishwayo kakhulu futhi othandekayo ancintisane uZeyusi, njengoba zazilingana wakhe emandleni okuqonda. Nanguya uyaziqhenya eyayisele phakade intfombi ntfo.

Ukuzalwa Athena

Wazalelwa ngendlela engavamile, efana okudaliwe kakhulu saphezulu. Ngokusho inguqulo evamile, Zeus uSomandla wasilalela iseluleko eyanikezwa Uranus futhi Gaia, bese absorbance ekhiqizwa kumkakhe wokuqala, Metis, Ukuhlakanipha ngesikhathi ekhulelwe. INdodana azalwe, okwakuyoholela kokugumbuqelwa nokuduma ngabe. Athena - emva iyavuleka kwendlalifa yakhe wazalelwa kusukela ekhanda kaZeyusi.

incazelo

I iqhawe unkulunkulukazi sihluke nabangane bakhe ngu kela esasinegunya ukubukeka engavamile kakhulu. Abanye onkulunkulu besifazane babe mnene futhi ngomusa, kuyilapho u-Athena akazange bangafuni ukusebenzisa ku ukuziphatha izindaba futhi imfanelo besilisa. Ngakho, wakhumbula egqoke zempi. Naye kwaba umkhonto wakhe.

Enye abavikela Urban Development aphethwe eceleni isilwane wakhe, owanika indima engcwele. Yena wayegqoke isigqoko laseKorinte, phezu kwawo kwakuyizingalo yokhalo okusezingeni eliphezulu. Kuyinto ejwayelekile wakhe ethwele Aegis, ukuthi isikhumba isikhumba-Friend kwembuzi. Lesi sivikelo ukuthi ehlotshiswe ikhanda, okuyinto esikhathini esidlule ilahlekelwe Medusa (Gorgon). I ezinamaphiko unkulunkulukazi Nike umngane base-Athene. Kwesihlahla esingcwele ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo kubhekwe womuthi womnqumo, futhi abopha ngqo nale unkulunkulu. It sasifanekisela ngokuhlakanipha isikhova, engesiyo eliphansi in lesi sabelo esibalulekile inyoka.

Ngokusho yetinsita uPallas kwadingeka amehlo grey futhi izinwele ensundu. Amehlo akhe bekukukhulu. Ngaphandle ubuhle kwakuseyimpi ukuqeqeshwa webutho lezempi omuhle. Yena ngokucophelela zempi emihle, wayehlale elungele ukulwa umkhonto waqala nenqola - ilungele igijimele impi ubulungiswa. Lapho belungiselela impi wafuna usizo Cyclops-Smiths.

Amathempelana badunyiswe wakhe

Weza kithi kusukela endulo, kodwa unkulunkulukazi likhulekelwa namuhla. Kabanzi ohlonishwayo Athena. Ithempeli yindawo lapho wonke umuntu ongeza intethelelo. Abantu abazama ukugcina lezi izindawo zokukhulekela.

Omunye izakhiwo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ekhazimulisa unkulunkulukazi, angabhekwa ithempeli, adalwe Pisistratus. Abavubukuli baye igodi pediments ezimbili kanye neminye imininingwane. Gekatompedon eyakhelwe ngekhulu lesithupha BC. Ubukhulu cella ifinyelele engamakhulu izinyawo. Umsolwa utholakale yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye abavubukuli baseJalimane.

On kwezindonga izithombe isakhiwo izinganekwane ngokunqoba kwamaGreki asendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kungabonwa Hercules ukulwa izilo scary. indawo kakhulu olunothile!

Lapho labetibambile Battle of Marathon, saqala ukwakha Opitodoma, futhi anikezelwe iqhawe. Ukwakhiwa akuqedwanga ngokushesha bafeza kuhlasela namaPheresiya aphanga idolobha. Sekube nezigameko eziningi kokutholakala amakholomu ngemigqomo odongeni esenyakatho Erechtheum.

Omunye ezikhumbuzo esiphawuleka kunazo zonke izakhiwo lasendulo Greece ubhekwa namanje kanye Parthenon. Lesi sakhiwo esiyingqayizivele, ukuze badunyiswe Athena Virgin. Ukwakhiwa kuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesihlanu BC. Ukuhlela ukwakheka kubhekwe Kallikart.

Old Parthenon ushiye imininingwane ambalwa asetshenziselwa ukwakha-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Lokhu kwenziwa ngo Phidias, lapho kwakukhona inkathi Pericles. Ngenxa nokudunyiswa okwandile Athena ithempeli udumo, baba baningi futhi abaqhoshayo. Cishe, eziningi zazo ziye hhayi esatholakele futhi ngeke sijabulise nathi esikhathini esizayo. Nakuba manje zikhona inani elikhulu izakhiwo labamele ifa zomlando ocebile.

Ithempeli Erechtheion e-Athens kungenziwa ngokuthi i lesikhumbuzo oluvelele. Yayakhiwe abaklami ngesiGreki. Ingabe ithempeli uPallas Athena enyakatho - eduze Parthenon ku-Acropolis engasenyakatho. Yakhiwa phakathi 421 st futhi iminyaka 406 BC, ngokuvumelana abavubukuli.

Ukwakha isakhiwo enhle kwenza abantu base-Athene. Ithempeli yisibonelo oda ionic. Ngaphezu unkulunkulukazi impi nolwazi ngaphakathi kwalezi zindonga ungafunda uJehova wezilwandle Poseidon, ngisho Athene yinkosi Erechtheus, esingafunda kusukela legends.

Imininingwane zomlando

Lapho Pericles wafa, waqala ukwakha ithempeli Athena Greece, ogama ukwakhiwa kwakungelona umsebenzi elula futhi yaqedwa ngesikhathi lapho leli dolobha labhekana ukuphahlazeka.

Ngokusho yetinsita endaweni lapho isakhiwo ukuthi bake bathi unkulunkulukazi iqhawe Poseidon. Wonke umuntu wayesefuna abe umbusi Attica. Ulwazi mayelana Athens Temple phakathi amareferensi izinsalela ebaluleke kakhulu inqubomgomo zigcinwa lapha. Kuqala kwakukholelwa eyabelwe ngaphansi Gekatompedon zakudala, elakhiwa ngesikhathi kubusa Pisistratus.

I thempeli labhujiswa ngesikhathi kushayisana yamaGreki WasePheresiya. Ngenxa yalesi endaweni, futhi, yena wadlala indima ebalulekile unkulunkulukazi u-Athena. Ithempeli zihlanganisa Thixo yawo yokhuni, okuyinto bekumele bawa esibhakabhakeni. Ngafunda lapha noHermesi.

Ethempelini, enamathiselwe kakhulu elangabini le isibani egolide awusoze wabuna. Thela amafutha anele ubelokhu kanye kuphela ngonyaka. Ithempeli okuthiwa maqondana izinsalela ababengenakuzifinyelela lomngcwabo we Erechtheus. Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, kwakukhona nezinye izindawo zokukhulekela eziningi, Nokho, okuyinto, kwakunguNk ngakho.

Ukukhonza unkulunkulukazi-iqhawe

Amathempeli eziqoshiwe Athena njengenye onkulunkulu ezibaluleke kakhulu ngesiGreki baningi futhi umxhwele. Nge kwesihlahla unkulunkulukazi ezihambisana omnqumo, okuyinto kushiswe 480, kodwa yavuka emlotheni futhi baqhubeka nokuphila kwakhe.

Isihlahla ezimila eduze kwesikhungo engcwele, ithempeli elalinikezelwe kuKhesari pandrosus Nymph. Ingena endaweni engcwele, babekwazi ukubheka emanzini kahle, amanzi usawoti agcwaliswa kusukela ukhiye. Kwakuthinta bazitshela ukuthi Poseidon zamlahla uNkulunkulu ngokwakhe.

Inguquko ubunikazi balo ethempelini

Hhayi njalo kulezi izindonga, waba ngukumkani unkulunkulukazi u-Athena. Ithempeli isikhashana ingeyamakhosi amaKristu, owachitha lapha ekukhulekeleni kwabo phakathi khona yoMbuso WaseByzantium.

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-17 isakhiwo elibukhali, zigcinwe futhi uyamkhathalela. Umonakalo kwakwenziwa lapho 1687 alethwe Athens amaviyo ka-Venice. Ngenkathi abaseBhabhiloni bevimbezele shrine lilimele. Lapho ukuzimela Greece sabuyela, izingcezwana wawa, wagqoka izindawo ezilungile. Okwamanje, akukho lutho kodwa yezincithakalo, ngeshwa, gone. Ungakwazi ukubona izici ezindala pandrosus kuvulandi, okuyinto ohlangothini lwasenyakatho.

Nkosi Elgin, owathunywa British eConstantinople ngo 1802, wathola imvume eyanikezwa Sultan Selim III for ukukhipha izwe zonke izingxenye ezitholakele shrine engatholwa ngokubhala noma isithombe. Omunye Caryatids lethempeli ladatshulwa wathuthela ensimini yaseBrithani. Manje lokhu esifuze, efana frieze we Parthenon, iyona ombukiso waseBritish Museum.

nemiklamo yokwakha

Lokhu engcwele ine engavamile isakhiwo quin. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kwakukhona umehluko phakathi kwezindawo eziphakemeyo inhlabathi lapho isakhiwo zenzeka. Kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho amazinga umhlaba encishisiwe. Zimbili Zell. Ngamunye wabo kwadingeka ukuba yokungena eyakhelwe. Ngokucebile egcwele izinsalela lasendulo isakhiwo. Besonto ababekanye zokungena ezimbili: enyakatho nasempumalanga. imipheme ionic babe design yabo.

Engxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli Erechtheion elalisemagcekeni ephakeme, kwaba isikhala enikelwe umgcini edolobheni, owawungumnyaka Athena Polias. Ukubona unkulunkulukazi yezinkuni yayingekho kugcinwe lapha. Lapho sekudlule Panathenaea, enze iminikelo kulo we peplos entsha. Esikhathini kuvulandi we cella kukhona amakholomu kabani inombolo eziyisithupha.

Interior umbono wethempeli

Engxenyeni esentshonalanga yesonto wayebona izinto futhi izakhi eziqhakambisa futhi Poseidon Erechtheus. On the front kukhona umkhawulo, okuyinto adalwe Antes ezimbili. Phakathi kwabo - ezine nengxenye-amakholomu.

It waqinisekisa khona imipheme ezimbili: ukusuka enyakatho uye eningizimu. Ukubiyela wokufaka umnyango kokuvula ngentambo enyakatho kuhlanganisiwe, esasihlanganisa isokhethi. Icala langasezantsi libe ngamawaka kuphawuleka caryatids abadumile kuvulandi.

Wayelethwa ogama lakhe behlonipha emifanekisweni eziyisithupha ukuphakama kwamamitha engaphezudlwana kwemibili. Asekela architrave. Isakhiwo Pentelic zemabula ukubaza kuhlanganisiwe. Namuhla, esikhundleni kubo stand up. Ngokuqondene okwangempela, isitoreji yayo isiye eBritish Museum. Nkosi Elgin amazwe ukuba omunye Caryatids.

Futhi, Museum Acropolis iqukethe lonke. Pandrozeyon - lena igama kuvulandi we caryatids. Pandroza eyindodakazi Cecrops. Ukuze kuhlonishwe yakhe futhi ngokuthi isakhiwo. Njengoba indaba, elakhiwa ngesisekelo the frieze, sinalo izinganekwane ngilandisa kekropidah futhi Erechtheus. Ukuze ezisekhona ezinye izinsalela lesikhumbuzo. Imifanekiso, izithombe okwakukhona zemabula Parian, ivikelwe ukuba nengemuva elimnyama, okuyinto kwakhiwa impahla Eleusinian.