Imvume yiyiphi? Incazelo yemqondo

Umthetho wanamuhla usebenza ngamathuba ambalwa omthetho. Bakwazi ukuthonya ubudlelwane bomphakathi ngendlela eqondisayo. Kulesi sihloko, sibheka ithuba eliyingqayizivele elibizwa ngokuthi livumelekile. Kuyini? Yimiphi imigomo yemvume ekhona? Futhi iyiphi indlela yaloluhlobo lwesinqumo?

Umqondo womqondo

достаточно эффективный вариант правового регулирования, который выражается через нормы юридического характера. Imvume yinto ehlukile ngokwanele yomthethonqubo wezomthetho, ovezwa ngezimiso zomthetho. Iqukethe ekunikezelweni kwenhloko ethile yenkululeko ngokuqondene nokukhetha okunye okumele kwenziwe (kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi leli qiniso lihambisana kuphela nohlaka olubekwe ohlelweni lomthetho).

Ngakho-ke, isu elikhethiwe futhi, ngokufanele, amaqhinga okuziphatha kufanele ashukumise umsebenzi wendaba kuloluhlelo lwezomthetho, ikhwalithi yalo yokudala nokudala, futhi futhi anikeze ukwaneliseka okugcwele kwezinto ezithandwa ngumuntu, umphakathi kanye nabezwe.

Imvume yindlela yokwenza umthethonqubo onamandla oku "ukwephula" emithethweni ehlukile yomthetho noma ukuhanjiswa efomini layo elihlangene njengesistimu ehlanganisiwe, izakhi zazo ezihambelanayo futhi ezizimele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimvume zingadlulela kuncazelo ebalulekile yomthetho, elawula uhlobo oluthile lobudlelwane bomphakathi.

Izici ze-phenomenon

Kumele kucatshangelwe ukuthi izimvume zilandelwa ngokuqinile kuncike ekuqondeni kwalesi sifundo, ngakho-ke, akunakwenzeka ukuphoqelela lesi sigaba. Imvume yisisombululo sezomthetho lapho inkululeko engekho ngokuphelele, ngoba, njengento engokomthetho, isivele iqukethe izinyathelo ezithile ezithintekayo ezixhaswe futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zengezwe ngezimiso zokuziphatha.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuhlinzekwa kwezimvume kutholakala ikakhulukazi ngokungenakwenzeka kokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuphoqelela ingxenye yesakhiwo sikahulumeni, kodwa ngesilinganiso esiphakeme sentshisekelo yesifundo ekusebenzeni kwalesi simiso. Yingakho izimvume zomthetho zibhekwa ngokwezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza kahle: zifanekisela ngokwanele izithakazelo zabantu ngabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimvume zisekelwa iziqinisekiso - zombili ezijwayelekile kanye ezikhethekile. Esimweni sokuqala, sikhuluma ngenhlanganisela yezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nezokuziphatha. Futhi iziqiniseko ezithile zomthetho kufanele zifake indlela ethile yokusebenza, kanye nokuqapha inqubo efanele.

Izici ezisebenzayo

Njenganoma isiphi isigaba sezomnotho, imvume yenziwa ngemisebenzi eminingi, okuyisisekelo esiyi-orientation-oriented (ithola isisekelo sokwakha isu lokuziphatha ngokuhambisana nemigomo yezenhlalakahle kanye nokuqonda okuhlelekile okuhlelekile), ukuvuselela jikelele (inikeza imiyalelo jikelele njengendlela yokuqala isenzo), Ukugqugquzela nokugqugquzela (kuyisenzo esisebenzayo, umqondo oyinhloko wokuthi iyiphi inhlangano yokuziphatha ngokugqugquzela kwangaphambili), ezemfundo (zomthetho usungula izindinganiso zokuziphatha ngemvume), kanye umsebenzi nokuvumelanisa izithakazelo ezimele kanye nekahulumeni. Iphuzu lokugcina libaluleke kakhulu, ngoba ukuzola nokuzwana emphakathini kuyisici esinqunyiwe sokuthuthukiswa kwayo okuphumelelayo.

Isigaba samanje

Imvume yisigaba somthetho, okuqukethwe kuso okucacisiwe. Ngakho-ke, ngokuhambisana nesilinganiso sesikhathi sesenzo, kuwumkhuba wokwazisa izimvume zesikhashana nezokuhlala njalo. Emkhakheni wokusebenza, lesi sigaba sibalwa njengezimvume zamazwe ngamazwe nezokufuya (ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlobo ezithile zezimvume zihambisana namazinga ahlukene wokulungiswa okujwayelekile: omasipala, izendawo, izakhiwo zezwe, kanye nezinga ze-Federation).

Ukuhlukaniswa ngendlela yokusungulwa kusho ukulungiswa ngezenzo zokulawula zombuso, kanye nokugunyazwa okuvumelekile okusungulwe ngomthethonqubo. Amaphoyinti abalulekile yizilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe zezinga lokunciphisa, izinga lokuqinisekisa futhi, empeleni, amandla angokomthetho, ngokuhambisana nalokho okujwayele ukunikezela ngamalungelo afanelekile, inkululeko, kanye nezithakazelo ezisemthethweni.

Izibonelo zemvume

Ngamazwi alula, imvume yinkomba ethize yomlingiswa oguquguqukayo weyodwa noma enye indlela yokuziphatha (lezi zikhetho ziyadingeka, kodwa hhayi). Isibonelo, umhlangano we-alumni, njengombuso, uyenzeka ngoMgqibelo wokuqala kaFebhuwari, kodwa akekho ongamphoqa umuntu ukuba ahambe lapho - unelungelo lokuzikhethela ukuziphatha kwakhe.

Uhlobo lwemvume luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okuvame ukubangela inzalo yezibalo zomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emhlabeni kunezibonelo eziningi zalesi simo, lapho umuntu ehlangana khona ekuphileni kwakhe kwansuku zonke, ngaphandle kokuqaphela. Ngokuvamile izibonelo ezenzelwe futhi ezisebenzayo zesigaba esibucayi. Ubufakazi beqiniso elinjalo elithakazelisayo lungaba isikhalazo senzo noma ukungasebenzi komsebenzi.

Imvume kanye Nezinkinga Ezihlobene Nefilosofi Yomthetho

Indlela yokuvumela, kanye neqhinga lokuvimbela, lisho ukuqinisekiswa kwesimo somuntu siqu ngesimo semithetho ethile yezomthetho yezenzo ezihambisanayo zendalo. Kodwa incazelo enjalo yemithetho yezomthetho yomthethonqubo jikelele ayiyona into kuphela kodwa umsebenzi ozimele wendalo, okwakunoma yikuphi okudinga ukudluliswa okujwayelekile kokubambisana kwamalungelo asemthethweni kanye nezibopho, amafomu nezinqubo zokusetshenziswa kwazo, izindlela zokuzivikela, njalonjalo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngokuphelele noma yikuphi okujwayelekile okuchazwe ngokomthetho, umklamo ophumelelayo, inqubo yezinyathelo ezinyathelo, isimiso somthetho esakhiwe kahle, ukuqinisekiswa kohlobo lwezomthetho oluphawulekayo, futhi, ngokuqinisekile, ukutholakala okuhle kakhulu kumkhakha ofanele womthetho womthetho kanye nesigaba somthetho ngokujwayelekile .