Enqoleni Leposi: incazelo. Ezokuthutha lensimbi. Russian Post - ukucutshungulwa nokudilivela imeyli

abantu imfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhuluma noNkulunkulu, ekuhlanganiseni emazweni onke nabantu - Mail. Izithunywa zadlulisela izigijimi ezibalulekile izinsuku koFaro. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izindlela kwezidingo izincwadi ziye ngokuqhubekayo ngcono. Ukuthumela Mail ezimotweni izinhlamvu amaphasela empeleni lwenteke kusukela ekuqaleni sokwakha ujantshi imigqa yokuqala.

Imininingwane zomlando

Ithumela imiyalezo ye-izithunywa ngamahhashi wayekwenza kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ekhulwini xv ne popularization ngeposi izincwadi izwi elithé ukuphakama kakhulu, ngenxa kwakukhona zenqola kuqala yeposi. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, i-ezinqoleni lab and sleds kwathathelwa indawo zobuchwepheshe abaqeqeshi zasendlini ifakwe ukushaqeka wezinciphisi, izibani kanye nezinye izimfanelo intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe.

I Analogue abaseduze zenqola leposi kukhona "tram" - ezinqoleni zamahhashi egijima ku komzila. Baqala ingasetshenziswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX futhi kwakuvamile kakhulu, ikakhulukazi e-UK nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Kusukela ihhashi ukuwapheka ngesitimu kunokuwabilisa traction

Ngo-1825, unjiniyela English umsunguli Dzhordzh Stefenson akha ujantshi wokuqala zokuhlola ephakathi emadolobheni Darlington futhi Stockton-on-Tees lapho cruised "umusi ukuthutha" of design sakhe. A wesitimela yesibili phakathi Manchester futhi Liverpool wasungula ngo-1830. Lo mugqa waqala ukugijima esitimela ukuthutha abagibeli wemithwalo imoto lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, adlulisele izigijimi.

AmaNgisi Waqaphela ukuthi le ndlela zokuthutha kuzosiza ukusheshisa ukulethwa imeyili. Ekuqaleni, namakalishi leposi bekulayitjhwa platform okhethekile. Nokho, ukulayisha / athula inqubo kwakudinga isikhathi esiningi. 06.01.1838, ku London-Birmingham umugqa waxosha wake abazinikezele imeyli imoto yokuqala. Kusukela ngo-September kulonyaka, izinhlamvu amaphasela waqala ukuhlunga indlela, kungenzeka ukuba kakhulu ukunciphisa isikhathi phakathi kokuthumela umyalezo kanye irisidi yayo.

nakho emhlabeni

Njengoba sazi ukuthi izitimela kuphela engaphansi kancane phezu vagaries of sezulu, fast ngokwanele futhi unamathela isimiso esiqinile, kancane kancane baba indlela eyinhloko komlayezo. Ngemva imoto imeyli eNgilandi zaqala ukusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi eziphambili:

• Belgium (1841);
• Germany (1848);
• France (1848);
• Russia (1861);
• USA (1864).

umbuso Russian

1837 waba unyaka wokuzalwa umphakathi izitimela eRussia. On 27-ikhilomitha elula we "Petersburg - Tsarskoye Selo - Pavlovsk" amakhanda cruised anda amandla ukuthwala abagibeli 300. Banikezwe isipiliyoni British, uMnyango leposi oye wenza isivumelwano ne Tsarskoselskaya w / d zokuthutha izincwadi. Amaphasela abasindwayo ku wemithwalo imoto, amaphasela kanye namagama zilethwa yizithunywa.

Eyokuqala i-zip eziklanyelwe Railways enqoleni ukuthi avunyelwe ukuya ukuphatha izincwadi, waqala umsebenzi ngo-1861. Ngaphambi kwalokho, izindlela kwezidingo babe "Bitty": ukuthutha wezimpahla e amabhele ezimbalwa eguquliwe izimoto ezithwala, namakalishi ethutha yizimpahla ezisekelweni, izithunywa, njll

Ngo-1869 lenzeka ikheli ujantshi kwezokuthutha. Ngalesi sikhathi, imiyalezo futhi amaphasela uthuthwa 35 w / imigqa, okufaka phesheya. Ekupheleni kuka-1903 e-Russia eziqhutshwa cishe 600 ezimotweni yeposi.

eU.SSR

Izwe abaseSoviet yashesha kuqale ukwakhiwa kojantshi besitimela abasha. Kwakukhona ngesivinini imishini isizukulwane esisha: diesel amakhanda zikagesi. Ngesikhathi imigqa nodal ezinkulu prizheleznodorozhnye pochtampy Kwamiswa. inqola leposi baba base, imoto onokwethenjelwa kunayo yonke ukulethwa izincwadi.

Kusukela 1962 waqala ukugijima post-umthwalo izitimela, kuhlanganise kufika ku-12 e-mail, futhi kufika 8 wemithwalo izimoto. Noma yimuphi of the ukwakheka kumasegmenti kungenziwa Ungadokhi kalula futhi babiza ezinye kwengoma. Ngemva kwalokho, kuya nojantshi yezwe wathutha 23 zalezi izitimela inani izinqola leposi kwakusondela amayunithi 900. On ukuxhumana ukuphathwa inkambo ukuphindaphinda, abe isitembu ekhethekile - "PV".

Russia

Esikhathini xxi leminyaka namanje kwenziwe ukulethwa "Imeyili Russia" ukuxhumana ngesitimela. Nokho, ivolumu izimpahla unqabile kakhulu. Uma ngonyaka odlule zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa enza okuphambene 1319 izinqola leposi ngu amayunithi 2007 ngo-1079 wahlala phakathi kwababusi. Namuhla, kunamabandla kabili njengoba kancane.

Nokho, umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma mayelana yokuncipha kokubaluleka imeyli ujantshi. Ezindaweni eziningi, w / d ezokuthutha - enokwethenjelwa kakhulu (ngokuvamile kuphela) indlela yokuxhumana. Ngo-2005, eSt Petersburg isitshalo "Vagonmash" esakhiwe imeyili entsha 61-531 ukulungisa imoto. Kuyo inikeza ezenza abasebenzi, i-TV, ama-microwave, air conditioning, ngocingo. Ngempumelelo umlilo uhlelo ukucindezelwa uyosindisa okusanhlamvu okubalulekile.

Modern ezenzakalelayo ekuhlungeni ohlelweni angakwazi ukusingatha lo Ukuhamba bonke abasebenzi ababili, kunokuba eziyisithupha. Ngenxa anda isitoreji isikhala, kulayishwa nomthamo imoto anda ukuze amathani 22. Imodi eyinhloko zokuthutha kuyoba iziqukathi esebenza, ukulayishwa ezitsheni.

Kusukela 2009, ukulethwa "Imeyili Russia" kwenziwe, kuhlanganise izimoto ezintsha Torzhok isitshalo. Model 61-906 yakhelwe mail kwezidingo izigubhu. Imininingwane:

• isivinini kuvunyelwe: 160 km / h.
• Umthamo: amathani 22.
• Inani labasebenzi: 4.
• Inombolo iminyango for ukulayisha 4.

Imoto ifakwe air conditioning, Ukushisa, umoya omncane.

kwemvelo

Leyo mikhumbi lokuqala imeyli abaqeqeshi babengaphelele. Dlala futhi ayibanzi, zanikeza amazwibela isikhala esincane izisebenzi kanye neposi. Saya siba ngcono design. ENgilandi, baklama umshini elikuvumela ukuba ngokushesha, epheshaneni ukulayisha izikhwama amaphasela kanye namagama. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ayenendawo izakhiwo, lapho abasebenzi bengakwazi khona ukucubungula futhi ukuhlunga imiyalezo, gumbi ukuze uphumule futhi ukudla. Abanye onobuhle babe gumbi ukhululekile ngobuholi phezulu.

Ngokuthakazelisayo kwakukhona ukuthuthukiswa e-US izimoto imeyli ezazihamba kwi "Wild West." Ngenxa ukuhlaselwa njalo abaphangi, bona kancanikancani saba namandla, lize liphenduke inqaba enamasondo. Ukuhambisana zenqola imeyli kwenziwa izisebenzi ahlomile. Sikebhe ukuthi armored, esisogwini ipherimitha izintuba for kokudubula on Kwezivulekile magnesium izimbaqa ezikhanyayo endaweni ibanga elingamakhilomitha amaningi.

Modern imeyli imoto - a eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto iphathwa ne ukuhamba anoma yiluphi uhlobo. Ingasetshenziselwa reception, isitoreji, ukuhlunga kanye ezokuthutha ngesitimela zeziqukathi nezikhwama kugcwele amaphasela, izincwadi, amaphasela, babesebenzisa ucingo olubhalwayo nezinye izinhlobo imiyalezo.

izinhlobo izimoto

imiklamo ehlukahlukene yemeyili ezimotweni yayiklanyelwe isigamu eminyaka:

• courier;
• leposi kanye Warehousing;
• ekuhlungeni leposi;
• mobile ukulawula izimoto;
• umphakathi;
• ukubopha.

amathemba

Emazweni athuthukile, ukuzungeza leposi yi w / d yezokuthutha kuyehla. Ijubane yena uyavuma zezindiza kanye ukuhamba - komgwaqo izimoto. Nokho, ngenxa eliphezulu umthwalo umthamo kanye nekhono lokusingatha sokuhamba usohambeni, lolu hlobo ukulethwa namanje wamanje.

Omunye emazweni wokuqala lapho izinqola leposi ayisasetshenziswa, baba e-United States. Kuze 40s nojantshi zithutha mayelana 300 amathani amaphasela, izincwadi, amaphasela. Kwakukhona abangaphezu kuka-9,000 imizila. Ekuqaleni ahambisa izincwadi alethwe w / e ngenzuzo main enkampani babuye bente ukulahlekelwa kusukela ukuthutha abantu. Ngu-1950, ngenxa yezinguquko inombolo inqubomgomo US Postal Service sika lemigqa lancipha 794-x. Futhi ngo-1962, 262 vó umzila phakathi emadolobheni amakhulu.

Ngo-1967, isevisi leposi ukhansele ukuthuthwa lifike ngesitimela. Ukuchitha izinkontileka evumayo zaholela kwezinye izinkinga zezimali izinkampani w / d zavalwa, imizila eminingi umgibeli. Isikhathi sokugcina isitimela imeyli e-United States ngemoto sisuka eNew York - Washington 30.06.1977 ngonyaka.

E-UK, iningi imeyili eyalo wesitimela. Esikhathini 90 kwakukhona azimele Royal Mail izinkampani zikahulumeni, amaphethini traffic zishintshile. Ngo-2003, le nkampani yanquma ukuthi ahoxise ukulethwa imeyili izitimela, kodwa ingxenye kamuva umzila libuyiselwe. Futhi, kukhona izinkampani ezizimele ukuthi ukulawula wemakethe.

On enkulu Asian imeyli isikhala izitimela ayindlela ethandwa ukuletha mail. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2016 ku-umzila Beijing - eMoscow ngaphezu imoto impahla okusheshayo imizila umgibeli ngamazwe umkhankaso isitimela njalo, ehlanganisa kuphela ezimotweni yeposi. China uhlose ukwandisa ukuthuthwa izinhlamvu amaphasela kusukela "okusha Silk Road" nge ukwelulwa imizila eya emadolobheni amakhulu e-Europe.