AIDS: Imithelela kanye Amathemba

Human immunodeficiency virus noma Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), siwuhlobo retrovirus futhi uhlobo lwe Lentivirus. Lokhu bohlobo kuhlanganisa abameleli okuyinto abangela izifo ezihlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo yegazi, ukuntula mzimba e isilwane.

Umsuka futhi ukuhlonza

Lolu hlobo imelelwa ezimbili ejenti non-yeselula - HIV-1 ne-HIV-2, abangela ukuthi Acquired immunodeficiency Syndrome - (. Engl Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS) AIDS. Nokho, lezi subtypes kuhluke ijubane ukuthuthukiswa isifo. Kukholakala ukuthi yesibili HIV-2 hlobo kangako ubudlova ukuze amasosha omzimba womuntu. Wayelethwa esakazwa e-Asia, eYurophu, eMelika nase-Afrika.

Ukutholakala ukuthusa yanyatheliswa kamagazini i-Science, lapho kutholakala khona i-ejenti ezithathelwanayo ngo-lymph node ongqingili abahlukunyezwa syndrome ngenhla. ukuhlaziywa DNA wabonisa ukuthi ezimbili zenyathi human immunodeficiency virus enemisuka ehlukene. Isihlobo abaseduze okungenwa yigciwane lesandulela-1 kwenzakala igciwane elibangela ukuthuthukiswa immunodeficiency e izinkawu, ngaleso sikhathi zaqala ukwamukelwa njengeenzibi zenyathi ephilayo yohlobo olufanayo. Kukholakala ukuthi le ndoda yayimane itheleleke nge-ke ngokuxhumana kwezilwane ezinegciwane. Uhlobo lwesibili kwakuhambisana nezinga lymphadenopathy.

Lesi sihloko sizosisiza ukubheka kanjani ingculazi kwenzeka, imiphumela ukusabalala ukwesekwa yayo mayelana nomzimba womuntu.

inqubo ikontraga

inqubo Ukutheleleka ejwayelekile ka wonke amagciwane. Engqamuzaneni, ejenti ezithathelwanayo luhlanganisa DNA yayo phakathi Helix aphethe chromosomal, ngaleyo ndlela beshintsha yona kanye indlela isakhi sofuzo yayo inkulumo, okuholela ukwanda iphesenti izimila ebulalayo.

AIDS eyenzeke nokudla ezithathelwanayo ejenti HIV. It ithelela zonke amaseli phezu elinendawo immunoglobulin yokwamukela ethize. Phakathi ngocansi nomuntu onegciwane ibhalwe igciwane yokuqala amaseli dendritic futhi macrophage, izulazula epithelium of umthondo, lezi ezenza ne-T lymphocyte (T cell ezikhomba futhi ababhubhise antigen angaphandle) ekhona sebuningini e nolwelwesi lwamafinyila. Uma igciwane lingena emzimbeni ubisi lwebele, esangweni ukukhonza kwakhe M-amaseli nezimagqabhagqabha Peyer sika.

Ekugcineni, uma igciwane lingena emgudwini wegazi, ke nakanjani ingena-lymph, okuyizinto njalo samanje ezingaba aphethe amaseli ezwakalisa T-lymphocyte. -Lymph nazo phakathi emangqamuzaneni antigen-nekwetfula (ukubhubhisa antigen), okuyinto bangadlulisela igciwane lengculaza. Imiphumela zihlala esinzulu.

nesigaba lesi sifo

Ezinsukwini zokuqala emva kokutheleleka eba isigaba acute lesi sifo lapho igciwane Owandisa izimpahla ngokushesha abathwali cishe wonke amaseli we immunoglobulin receptor, iningi labo uyafa. Khona-ejenti ezithathelwanayo kuba isimo esicashile futhi lilondolozwe ikakhulu njengoba provirus (eyafakwa cell aphethe), owenziwe waba owasendaweni ikakhulukazi T-lymphocyte. Basuke kwakhiwa emva umhlangano antigen athile, futhi yasebenza uma kuyabuya. Abanaso enza futhi esincane afundwa kakhulu egazini.

Bese kufika esigabeni asymptomatic lesi sifo, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho labantu viral iba zofuzo heterogeneous ngenxa ekuqongeleleni ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo. Kungabonakali encishisiwe inani T-cells ngoba afe ukufanisana njengoba ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Lokhu kuyingozi ne-AIDS. Imiphumela sifo liqukethe yokuthi esikhathini esizayo yenomboro syndrome-T cell incipha ngalokujulile, ukuphindwaphindwa igciwane izicubu-lymph kuholela ukonakala kwazo esikhathini esidlule, futhi iningi virus ukutheleleka litholakala anhlobonhlobo aphethe amaseli. Kuvulwa abahlanganyeli cytotoxic impendulo yeselula mzimba, ukumelana amasosha omzimba elwisana viral, kwezinye izimo, ezahlukene izicubu tropism.

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka yentuthuko lesi sifo futhi uma unesifo kungenzeka kungaba yingozi ngoba umzimba. Against ngemuva yengculaza abantu izinhlelo ebucayi mzimba ngokuvamile ukuthuthukisa ezinye izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ngokwesibonelo, i-HIV Sekuyisikhathi eside kubhekwe imbangela umdlavuza, kodwa kamuva kuvele ukuthi buthakathaka isimo somzimba sokuzivikela yomdlavuza ibangwa Amagciwane ehluke ngokuphelele, futhi akusiyo yomthelela we-HIV ne-AIDS.

Kungani amasosha omzimba womuntu ayikwazi ukubhekana nokutheleleka nge-HIV?

Iqiniso liwukuthi igciwane kwenzakala onekhono "manipulator", kungaphazanyiswa izisekelo ukungatheleleki ukusigcwalisa kuzobazuzisa. "Inzuzo" kuyikhono-HIV ukuba ngihlale isikhathi eside ifomu esicashile. Uma ngokushesha ngemva ukutheleleka kokuqala nge inqubo pathogenic is bebengaphuzile ke kancane kancane (eminyakeni eminingana) ebhubhisa isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Indima esasizibekele yona eyinhloko igciwane kukhona T-lymphocyte. Ngokuvamile Bagijima eziningi mzimba impendulo ukusabela isifo bangalahlekelwa ukukwazi kwabo ukwanda, futhi inani eliphelele incipha. Enye omzimba amaseli (B-lymphocyte, monocytes futhi NK-cell) ukuqaphela ayeke amasignali umlamuleli T cell ngokuvamile ukuqala ukusabela sokuhlasela kwamasosha omzimba. Kuyeke ukuze isebenze kahle futhi wonke amaseli antigen-nekwetfula, njengoba nazo igciwane.

Kungani ngisabela kokuba imiphumela enjalo isifo AIDS?

Umzimba itheleleke ukhiqiza amasotsha omzimba zokuyithena yokulwa neHIV. Nokho, inani labo neze okusezingeni eliphezulu, futhi ngomqondo othile kungukuthi ngisho ezivikelwe njengezindawo ivuselela kokuhlukana igciwane. Ngo parallel, inombolo omzimba kwemiqondo, epitopes ezidlulana (moiety obonwa i omzimba) imvilophi viral, futhi ngaphandle kancane kufinyeleleke ngoba isiqinisekiso glycoproteins lwabo olukhethekile. amasosha omzimba afana ngandlela-thile kabi obonwa amaseli kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni.

Kwezinye izimo, ama-macrophage unamathisele ikhono igciwane ukuze uhlanganyele receptor ezengeziwe phezu kuhlose amaseli bese ukungena kubo ngu endocytosis. Ngakho, impendulo humoral mzimba, sikhali esinamandla kunazo wamasosha omzimba e ukutheleleka nge-HIV siphukile ngokuphelele.

izimpawu

Ngokushesha bathola lesi sifo kunzima, ngoba kusaqalwa ukutheleleka azinazo izimpawu zokugula. A izimpawu okwalandela kungenziwa udidekile kalula nezinye izifo. Ngokwesibonelo, lakhulisiwe lymph node, ukukhathala okungamahlalakhona kanye ubuthakathaka, ukungakuthandi ukudla, kwesisindo, ukukhohlwa, ingqondo nenkungu - zonke lezi zimpawu kungadalwa kwamaphutha yokudla okunempilo. Futhi lokhu, njengoba ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela yokutheleleka nge-HIV ne-AIDS.

Ngakho-ke, lezi zimpawu ezilandelayo kudingeka ngokukhethekile sinake: ukujuluka ngokweqile noma Ukugodola, ikakhulukazi esikhathini ebusuku, ukuvela izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezindwangu ezingaba zezinja noma ukuqubuka esikhumbeni, iphika ukukhwehlela okusheshayo, imfiva, ukuphazamiseka wamathumbu umsebenzi evamile.

Kuvele isignali obalulekile kubhekwa ukuba imvamisa anda nesenzakalo izifo fungal. Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili ngokobulili futhi herpes amagciwane, isifo ngalo ingaphakathi ngomlomo, nabanye. Ngakho-ke, ukuvela ngesikhathi esifanayo ngaphezulu zimpawu ezilandelayo kubalulekile ukuthi uhlolwe, ingasaphathwa nokuhlolwa odokotela yonyaka ukuxilonga AIDS ngesikhathi. Imiphumela lesi sifo kungaba ukuzibonakalisa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.

izibalo isifo

Naphezu kwemizamo odokotela, ososayensi, umphakathi, amacala support, inkinga ihlala kahle elawulwa, futhi ekulinganiseni isimo kuze banikezwa ithuba. Ngokwe-World Health Organization, ekupheleni 80s ku 2006, kusukela 'nenhlupho ngekhulu leminyaka lamashumi amabili' zabulala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-25. Emazweni amaningi, le nkinga kuba acute ngaphezulu. Ngokusho idatha yamemezela engqungqutheleni yamazwe ngamazwe yengculaza ngo-2010, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-40 babonwa abathwala lesi sifo itheleleke. Izimbangela Nezingozi nemiphumela yengculazi okuxoxwe ngawo ngenhla.

Idatha ukutheleleka

Russian yesayensi-methodical maphakathi anti-immunodeficiency syndrome kunikeza idatha elandelayo phezu onegciwane, kusukela ngo-1994:

• 1994 - 887 abantu;.
• 1999 - 30647 abantu;.
• 2004 - 296 045 abantu,;
• 2009 - 516 167 abantu.

Ngokuhlaziya lezi idatha, kungenzeka ukulandelela Dynamics kwalolubhubhane. Umphakathi wanamuhla futhi usadinga ukuzwela kuphenyisiswa omzimba ejenti viral bekungenjalo nomthelela ngakho abesabekayo AIDS. On umzimba zika igciwane ayeyizidalwa ezimbi.

Ukulapha nokuvikela

ikhono Kubikwe HIV kudala inkinga enkulu search izindlela yokwelapha AIDS. izinyathelo eziningi isivikelo izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane ezihlobene nokusebenzelana ukukhuthazwa namasosha omzimba futhi igciwane wephula ngokuphelele wesenzo ehlelekile, lokukhulunywa ngako kulendzaba kungaholela emiphumeleni engathí ezingalindelekile.

Akunakwenzeka ukulwa ne-HIV, wabhubhisa bonke itheleleke amaseli wabo ngoba lokhu kungaholela ekulahlekeni engelapheki memory mzimba. Lena umthelela AIDS. On umzimba womuntu kudingeka ube eminye imiphumela.

isiqondiso Ukuthembisa ekuthuthukiseni yokwelapha AIDS - usesho izidakamizwa ezicindezela ukufanisana igciwane endaweni yokuqala inqubo reverse umbhalo, okuyinto njengoba enjalo cishe ngingekho eukaryotes. Kulesi isiqondiso, ne impumelelo abanye. Ngakho, uma senyanga okugcina enkathi yokukhulelwa, unina noma ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa kanye "AZT" noma "i-lamivudine", ingane 99% amacala kungukuthi abazalwe utheleleke nge-HIV. Ukusetshenziswa yokwelapha antiretrotvirusnoy kakhulu lapho isiguli welashelwa ngesikhathi esifanayo reverse transcriptase inhibitor kanye inhibitor protease, okuvumela iminyaka ukubambezela ukuqhubeka kwesifo.

isiphetho

Ukugonywa lokulwa nengculaza uhlala akunangqondo, ngoba ayifuni ukucacisa izici eziningi yomthelela we-HIV ku-isimiso somzimba sokuzivikela. Ayivezi immunogenic nakakhulu epitopes amaprotheni ezibangelwa amagciwane. Ijubane ngokuguqula izakhi igciwane ongene enkulu yomzimba womuntu yakhiwa eliphezulu kakhulu, okwenza kungabi nokwenzeka ukuthuthukiswa eside yokugoma, kuyilapho lokugoma akuphumelelanga kusukumisa ukuthuthukiswa ukutheleleka. Lawa ebuhlungu it has AIDS.