Umlando izithombe eRussia

Nokho, ukhona yini umuntu okuthandayo opopayi? Manje umkhakha isungule kuze kube sezingeni lokuba ukuthi opopayi babe imiphumela akhethekile ihluzo, ngesinye isikhathi kunzima ukukhumbula ama-movie osekukade "flat" nge yekhwalithi ephansi kwebalingisi, ngaphandle zonke izinhlobo imiphumela, ezifana, 3D. izingane zanamhlanje abasoze baqonda ukuthi kusho ukuthini cartoon abalingiswa ngobumba mayelana igwababa ushizi okushiwo elula opopayi iDemo izimbali egqwalile futhi kancane amazwi ephansi izinhlamvu, kodwa mayelana filmstrips abanalutho ukusho!

Umlando izithombe - ingenye nje isinyathelo movie, ngoba kusukela opopayi ekuqaleni babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli kinozhanrov ehlukile. Ngakho-ke kwenzeka naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi opopayi yefilimu bungavami kuka ne Umdwebo.

Amakhathuni esikukweleta Joseph Plateau

Njenganoma iyiphi enye emlandweni, umlando izithombe kanye izithombe uye waba nezinto ezinhle nezimbi, intuthuko kanye yokujama tsi eside. Nokho, iqiniso lokuthi kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa opopayi athuthukile cishe njalo futhi uyaqhubeka enza kanjalo kuze kube manje. Umlando ukuvela izithombe ezihlobene ne igama usosayensi Belgian Joseph Plateau. Kuyaziwa ukuthi 1832 wadala ithoyizi ngokuthi stroboscope. Cishe, akunakwenzeka ukuba izingane zethu zaqala ukugcwala ukudlala ngethoyizi emhlabeni namuhla, kepha abantwana bakwa-ukuzijabulisa okunjalo kwekhulu le-19 kwaba angayithandi. On the disc flat lasetshenziswa ukudweba, isibonelo egijima ihhashi (njengoba kwaba ithafa), ne kancane okwalandela ukuhluka lowo odlule, okungukuthi ekulandelaneni imidwebo esibonisa izenzo isilwane ngesikhathi gxuma. Lapho disk is ukuphotha, umbono umfanekiso ezihambayo.

I Okuphindaphinda lokuqala

Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunzima Joseph Plateau ngcono ukufakwa yayo, ukwakha isithombe sopopayi agcwele wehluleka. Wanikeza indlela eya engumFulentshi Emilyu Reyno, owadala idivayisi efanayo nalena ebizwa ngokuthi praxinoscope, eyayihlanganisa i-cylinder camera nalo ezifana amaphetheni ekhuphukayo njengasezinsukwini stroboscope.

Waqala kanjalo-ke umlando izithombe. Kakade ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17, French eyasungulwa inkundla encane optical, lapho wabonisa zonke comers isethulo yamahlaya imizuzu engu-15 e ubude. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sitshalo lashintsha ukwengeza simiso ngezibuko nezingodo ze izibani, okuyinto Yiqiniso, ilethe ezweni ukuba nomphumela imilingo, njengabo isithombe sopopayi.

Animation namashumi eminyaka yokuqala yokuphila kwakhe baqhubeka ukuthuthukisa eFrance, kanye yaseshashalazini kanye cinema. umqondisi Famous Emil Kol umlingisi odumile ukukhansela ukusebenza, kodwa namanje cartoon futhi wambamba, ngo-1908 lapho "zaveza 'opopayi bakhe kuqala. Ukuze sifinyelele okwangempela, Kohl wasebenzisa izithombe bangahlikihla izinto zemvelo, kodwa namanje ingane yakhe sasithi asifane incwadi yamahlaya iragela phambili, kunokuba on ifilimu.

Umhleli womdanso yamabhayisikobho - umsunguli izithombe eRussia

Ngokuqondene abaholi Russian emkhakheni izithombe, basuke idluliselwe opopayi entsha ezingeni, manje indima izinhlamvu babe emaphaphethi. Ngakho ikhathuni lokuqala yasekhaya yadalwa ngo-1906, kusukela olwaqala umlando izithombe ngesiRashiya. Alexander Shiryaev, i-ballet inkosi Mariinsky Theatre, uye waqala cartoon, isenzo zazo 12 abantu abaye baba ngamaKristu ukudansa onodoli.

movie Dlala lirekhodiwe ifilimu in a ububanzi 1.5 cm, kwaba umsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Izinyanga ezintathu, u-Alexander wasibalekela ikhamera kakhulu isitatimende ngokuvamile ukuze ngisho wagcoba imbobo phansi. Dolls baye Shiryaev nje ehamba phezu like izipoki, abaziphila, ukweqa, ukuphotha emoyeni futhi enze ukunyakaza ngendlela engakholeki. mlando Akwaziwa kanye multipliers abasuke bengakakwazi ukusebenzisa ukwembula imfihlo yale izinhlamvu umsebenzi. Noma yini bathi, futhi umlando yasekhaya izithombe - kuyinto kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi sína, ngakho musa njalo ngisho nochwepheshe eziphambili kakhulu singakwazi ukuqonda ngokuphelele imigomo yokusebenza idivayisi.

Vladislav Starevich - "uhlamvu" eliqhakazile Russian izithombe

History of the izithombe ezihlobene ne amagama ososayensi French kanye nabaqondisi. Vladislav Starevich kwakuyikho impela 'izimvu black "phakathi sabezinye izizwe, ngoba ngo-1912 Wakhuphuka nge real 3D-animation! Cha, umlando Russian izithombe akukafiki iphuzu lapho abantu bahlakaniphile ngokwanele ukuba ukugqoka izibuko ezikhethekile, le ndoda yenza unodoli ikhathuni eside. Kwaba omnyama nomhlophe, ongaziwa ngisho scary, ngoba ukwenza uhlamvu enhle ngezandla zakhe kwakunzima kancane.

Lokhu cartoon wabizwa ngokuthi "Lyukanida Beautiful, noma Impi njengesixhumo sezindluzele futhi barbel", ezithakazelisa kakhulu wukuthi Vladislav Starevich esetshenziswa isinambuzane emsebenzini wakhe, okuyinto nje kungazange kumangaze, njengoba wayejabula kakhulu lezi zilwane. Kwaba nale ndoda yaqala opopayi kube nenjongo, ngoba Starevich nomuzwa wokuthi ifilimu akufanele kuphela abanalo, kodwa futhi ukuba uhlobo oluthile subtext. Kwaba njalo ngempela, amabhayisikobho akhe kubumbi njengoba abanye tutorials on biology of isinambuzane, engazange alindele ukuba ama multiplier, okuzodala omuhle wobuciko.

eyodwa kuphela "Lyukanide" Starevich abayekanga, kamuva edala opopayi lezinganekwane, manje waqala ukufana uhlobo Fairy-yezinganekwane.

isheduli Soviet

Umlando izithombe lamaSoviet laqala ngo-1924, lapho engathandwa namuhla studio "Kultkino" ambalwa abaculi baye bakhiqiza lenqwaba opopayi animated. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona "Ibhizinisi German neziNdaba", "Amathoyizi namaSoviet", "Isigameko eTokyo" nabanye. Izinga ukudalwa omunye ikhathuni is kakhulu anda uma Animators bakuqala kwakunamadoda months eyodwa project, manje kuyehla kube isikhathi esingamasonto 3 (akuvamile ngaphezulu). Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngoba intuthuko kule art. Abaculi kuye kwadingeka amaphethini flat, okuyinto usindisa isikhathi kwenza inqubo yokudala movie isikhathi esincane oqothulayo. Animation ngesikhathi wanika emhlabeni lenqwaba opopayi ukuthi kukhona ezibaluleke kakhulu, hhayi nje kuphela iRussia kuphela kodwa emhlabeni wonke.

Alexander Ptushko

Lo muntu futhi nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni izithombe zethu. Ngu imfundo nguye wezakhiwo futhi uye wasebenza emkhakheni isiqoqi sama-softwe. Kodwa lapho efika "Mosfilm", ngabona ukuthi ukudalwa upopayi izithombe kuyinto ubizo lwakhe. Kukhona wakwazi ukuletha ekuphileni namakhono akhe yezakhiwo, futhi basiza ukwakha isisekelo esihle lwezobuchwepheshe edumile Russian ifilimu studio.

Waba ezidumile ikakhulukazi ngemva kokudalwa kwe- "Nguqulo Gulliver" opopayi ngo-1935. Cha, akusho ukunameka umbhalo ngale ndaba, kuba uhlobo reshaping "Travels Gulliver sika" ngendlela eSoviet Union. Futhi iyini imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ezintsha e Ptushko - wakwazi ukuba sihlanganise izinkomba ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuphelele embonini ifilimu: Ikhathuni nokwenza. Manje opopayi avele onodoli imizwa, mass, umsebenzi kuba sobala kwenziwa wizadi. Umlando izithombe izingane elinezinhlamvu elihle iqala Countdown ivuliwe Ptushko.

Ngokushesha, waba nomqondisi we studio "Soyuzdetmultfilm" opopayi entsha, kodwa ngandlela-thile ngemva kwesikhashana kokushiya kokuthunyelwe kwakhe, umsebenzi wakhe wokudala opopayi ke kuphela ukuthi yaphela ezaziwayo. Alexander ukuzinikela amabhayisikobho. Kodwa kamuva ifilimu imisebenzi yakhe, wasebenzisa "chips 'ukwenziwa Kwezithombe Ezinyakazayo.

Walt Disney "umnikelo" yakhe

It kuvela, umlando izithombe eRussia lakhiwa futhi sokuba izicucu, ngokungagcini nje ngokubashumayeza abacwaningi isiRashiya, ososayensi kanye abalandeli opopayi, Walt Disney ngokwakhe wanikeza eMoscow ifilimu umkhosi wonke esondweni ifilimu izinga ibhecwe zonke opopayi ozithandayo mayelana ezinhle Mickey Mouse ubudala. zasekhaya ifilimu umqondisi wethu Fyodor Khitruk wesikhwama wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu bushelelezi futhi ukucasha lozimele kanye nekhwalithi umdvwebo, ngabona ukuthi sifuna okufanayo! Nokho, e-Russia kwakukhona puppetry kuphela uma sikubeka kahle, amathoyizi unpresentable. Mayelana nomkhosi wokuhlanganisa isifiso yokuthuthukisa studio idaliwe, iSoviet owaziwa nezingane post-Soviet - "Soyuzmultfilm".

"Soyuzmultfilm" - ISIFISO Corporation

Ngo-1935, Animators yethu waqaphela ukuthi bekuyingelosi isikhathi into empilweni zopopayi ukushintsha, sekuyisikhathi ukuxosha onodoli ubudala futhi baqala ukuzibandakanya ezintweni sina. Ukuhlanganisa studios ezincane eziningana ehlakazekile kulo lonke izwe, kwaba ukudala umsebenzi emikhulu, a baxgeki abaningi bathi umlando izithombe iqala kulo mzuzwana ezweni lethu. Umsebenzi studio lokuqala kwaba pretty isidina ngoba babezinikele ekuthuthukiseni intuthuko e-Europe, kodwa ngo-1940, izazi esuka kude impela eLeningrad eMoscow wathutha Union. Nokho, ngisho nangemva kwalokho, lutho okuhle okwenzekile kusukela kuqale impi, zonke izinhlangano abe uphawu olucacile - ukukhulisa umoya wokushisekela izwe labantu.

Ngemva kwempi, kwakukhona ukwanda kokutheleleka kudlange kakhulu ezingeni ukukhiqizwa opopayi. Isibukeli akasibonanga ushintsho evamile izithombe hhayi onodoli evamile nezinhlamvu namaqiniso futhi iziza ezithakazelisayo. Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa imishini emisha, ikufakazele umngane American Walt Disney studio wakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1952 i-onjiniyela sidalwe ncamashi ikhamera efanayo "Disney" studio. Ukwakha izindlela ezintsha ngokudubula (umphumela stereoscopic) waziyisa automatism elidala. Kuleli qophelo, amakhathuni ukuthatha esikhunjeni entsha, esikhundleni izingane akanangqondo 'kinoshek "ayavela ukuqeqeshwa nabanye olwalusikisela lomsebenzi. Ngaphezu amabhayisikobho okufutshane, esingu a yobude obugcwele opopayi animated, ezifana "I Snow Queen". Ngokuvamile, njengoba ukusungulwa "Soyuzmultfilm" animation kanye indaba iqala eRussia. Ezinganeni ngalezo zinsuku, ngisho noshintsho oluncane babe zile ngisho amafilimu kancane esifushane sasizazisa.

1980-1990-s

Ngemva ushintsho isiqondiso enokuhlangenwe nakho ekukhalipheni izithombe opopayi Soviet ayaqala ukuba ngcono ekupheleni kuka-1970. Kwakuphakathi nalesi eyishumi kwakukhona ikhathuni enjalo owaziwa ngokuthi "Hedgehog ku Inkungu", okuyinto abukeka, cishe, kuzo zonke izingane ezizalwayo ngaphambi kowezi-2000. Nokho, okungenxa yezimo ezikhethekile ephakamisa imisebenzi zesi nasemkhakheni-yalolucwaningo 80 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Ngaleso sikhathi kufika abadumile ikhathuni ifilimu ngo-Roman Kachanova "Imfihlakalo Okwesithathu Planet". Lokhu kwenzeka ngo-1981. Lesi sithombe wathandwa izinhliziyo izingane eziningi isikhathi, futhi abantu abadala abazona squeamish mayelana ukukubuka, ukuba qotho. Ngawo lowo nyaka wanyathelisa "Plasticine Crow" izimpawu abadumile ukuza studio "ekran" Okuphindaphinda entsha, Aleksandra Tatarskogo. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva onguchwepheshe efanayo lidale opopayi animated "The Other Side of the Moon, 'ogama lakhe futhi yanxenxela ukwazi ukuthi kukhona ngakolunye uhlangothi inyanga?

Kodwa ubumba - it is kuphela "zimbali", njengoba ku Sverdlovsk, wahlanganyela ngenkuthalo umsebenzi opopayi yezwe, ifilimu badonselwa wadala usebenzisa ingilazi. Khona-ke lo odumile ingilazi umculi Alexander Petrov. Phakathi kwalezi ingilazi imidwebo - "Fairy Tale mayelana Ntombazanyana ngokuzama", eyakhululwa ngo-1985.

Ukuphela 1980, okwakuyohambisana imivimbo enemikhuba anolaka esithombeni, ikhwalithi embi isithombe bese zonke vagueness, kulula ukubona isibonelo "Uphenyo phambili amabhola». Lokhu imfashini sasifana isifo, ukusakaza ngokusebenzisa ezweni izithombe yasekhaya, ambalwa abaculi ukuqeda umkhuba Umdwebo inobudlabha, nakuba kusengathiwa isitayela ngabanye in umdwebo.

Esikhathini 90 laseRussia aqala abambisane studios angaphandle, abaculi kanye ngemvume izivumelwano ongoti angaphandle udale opopayi yobude obugcwele. Noma kunjalo, abaculi yokushisekela izwe kakhulu ukuhlala ekhaya, ngosizo sabo futhi saqhubeka umlando izithombe ezweni lethu.

izithombe namuhla

Ngemva kokuwa kweSoviet Union, hhayi kuphela empilweni yezwe yaqhakaza esimweni esibucayi, kodwa ekuphileni kwangempela le izithombe. Kubonakala sengathi umlando izithombe for izingane kanye nabantu abadala, isiqedile. Studios ikhona kuphela ngokusebenzisa ukukhangisa kanye oda ezingavamile. Nokho ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona umsebenzi, okuyinto umklomelo ( "The Old Man noLwandle" futhi "Tale Winter sika"). "Soyuzmultfilm" futhi labhujiswa, iziphathimandla ithengiswe wonke amalungelo opopayi futhi zigoqiwe ngokuphelele studio.

Kodwa kakade 2002 eRussia okokuqala ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha ukudala ama-animation, ngisho "ezingacacile" isikhathi emlandweni izithombe, umsebenzi Animators Russian uyaziqhenya lwendawo imincintiswano emhlabeni.

Ngo-2006, saphinde saqala ukukhiqizwa opopayi eRussia, kwaphuma "Prince uVladimir", "Little Longnose". Kukhona studio entsha "Mill" futhi "Sunny House".

Kodwa kwathi ngesikhathi ekuseni ukujabula, emva kweminyaka ngoba ngemva 3 ukukhululwa kwe zokugcina amafilimu aziwayo waqala black umugqa crisis. studios Abaningi zavalwa, futhi isimo uyekile neqhaza ekuthuthukiseni Russian ukwenziwa Kwezithombe Ezinyakazayo.

Manje abaningi studio yasekhaya ukukhululwa zonke opopayi eziyizintandokazi zakho, izindaba ngezinye izikhathi bengakwamukeli silindile movie, ngakho kufanele udwebe 2-3, futhi izingxenye nakakhulu. Nakuba ukwehluleka emlandweni izithombe eRussia engalindelekile.

Ithi yini oyithandayo, ngisho abadala abathanda ukubukela opopayi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza okuningi ngokucophelela izingane zabo, nazo zonke ngoba opopayi yesimanje elikhanyayo, ezithakazelisayo futhi funny. Manje musa ziqhathaniswa doll, wakhe ubuhanjelwe amaphela nezinye izinambuzane. Noma kunjalo, yisiphi isigaba, lapho "akhwela" umlando Russian izithombe kubalulekile, ngoba ngamunye wabo kwaholela ukuphelela.