Reims Cathedral eFrance: isithombe, isitayela nomlando. Kuyini okuthakazelisayo nge-cathedral e-Rheims?

I-Reims Cathedral (France) ayiyona nje eyakhelwe ngobuciko yobuciko be-Gothic. Ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwe-artifact, lesi sakhiwo sinomqondo ohlukile, obaluleke kakhulu. Ngesinye isikhathi kuwo wonke amakhosi aseFrance ayamukela ukwamukelwa. Kwakuqukethe ama-mira (amafutha anamakha), ngokusho komlando, wathunyelwa nguNkulunkulu uqobo evela ezulwini ukubhapathizwa nokugcotshwa embusweni kaClovis. Futhi nakuba iFrance sekuyisikhathi eside iba i-republic, i-cathedral ibonisa ubukhulu bezwe kanye nokudlula kwayo okudumayo. Kuzo izici zokwakha zesikhashana, iCathédrale Notre-Dame de Reims nayo inenani elikhulu. Ngokungafani ne-Notre-Dame de Paris, ehlanganisa izitayela ezahlukene, i-cathedral eReims isibonelo esihle kakhulu seGothic ephezulu. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe yi-galaxy yonke yabakhi abayishintsha, zonke izingxenye ezikuyo zakha yonke into. Ake sijwayelane nalesi sikhumbuzo sakhiwo sesikhathi esidlule, kufakwe ohlwini lwezamagugu e-UNESCO.

I-Prototype ye-Reims Cathedral

Esizeni sesakhiwo ngesikhathi sokunqoba iRoma ngeGaul, kwakukhona imigomo. Isimo esinzima saseCampagne saphoqa amaLegionaries ukwakha i-Rheims iForam ezithakazelisayo: ngokungafani neminye imizi, yayihlanganisiwe, okwenza izakhamuzi zihlangane ngaphansi kokuvikelwa kwezindonga ezivela emvula nasemakhazeni. Lapho ubuKristu buba inkolo yezwe, ikomkhulu lokuqala lakwakhelwa esikhundleni segama. Umbhishobhi weReims, uNicasi obusisiwe, wamngcwelisa ngokuhlonipha uMama kaNkulunkulu. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lesikhombisa, ngo-498, umholi wamaFranks, uClovis, wamukela kule nkandla yamabhishobhi ukubhapathizwa ezandleni zikaRemigia. Kamuva, lokhu kuguquka kusuka ebuhedeni kuya ebuKristwini kwahlanganiswa nokuguqulwa. Phela, uClovis I wabiza inkosi yaseFrance. Ngo-816, uLouis the Pious naye wakhetha uReims njengendawo yokuhlala. Wahola wonke uMbuso WaseRoma ongcwele. Ukuze baphakamise izimangalo zabo ngamandla ngamandla kaNkulunkulu, inkulumo-ze yobukhosi yasungula umlando we-Holy Glassess. Yithi, ngesikhathi sokubhapathizwa kukaClovis, inhlanzi ehla ezulwini, ithwala isikhala sokuthula emlonyeni wayo.

I-cathedral yamanje yeRheims: umlando

I-legend yegolide ye-Glassess, kanye nesinye isimangaliso esenziwa nguRemigius (yena, njengoKristu eKana yaseGalile, waphenduka amanzi abe iwayini), waqinisa amandla nezombuso wezombusazwe bama-archbishop aseReich. Isonto lamaRoma selivele selifaka isicelo sokutshala izimali. Ukuze abe umbusi osemthethweni, kwakudingeka ukuba kube nokulungiswa kuleli khathi. Isakhiwo sasilokhu sandiswa futhi sakhiwa kabusha. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIII kwakuyisibonelo esimangalisayo sezakhiwo zobuRoma. Kodwa ngo-1210 kwakukhona umlilo, owawuqothula ngokuphelele isonto. URims uMbhishobhi Omkhulu u-Aubry de Umber wayala ukuba aqede lezi zincithakalo kanye nonyaka, ngoMeyi 6, 1211, wabeka itshe lokuqala ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo esisha. Phezu kwethempeli, elizinikezelwe kuMama kaNkulunkulu, abakhi bezakhiwo basebenza iminyaka engu-64. Wakha, njengoba besho, kusukela ekuqaleni. Okusho ukuthi izakhiwo zaseRoma zaqothulwa ngokuphelele futhi azizange zingene eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Abakhiqizi

Uma sicabangela ukubaluleka kwethempeli leCrown Crown, abakhiqizi abahle kakhulu baleso sikhathi bamenywa ukuba bayilungise. Uhlelo lwesakhiwo lakhiwa ngumakhi wokuqala - uJean d'Orbe. Esiklanyweni sakhe, kufanele kube isonto lesithathu lama-nave, ehlanganyelwe yi-transept. Ithempeli kufanele lihlotshiswe ngama-turrets ayisikhombisa ngezinhlamvu eziqondile. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi umklamo womqambi wokuqala akazange asebenze. Manje ithempeli likhishwe imibhoshongo emibili nje kuphela, izingxenye ezingaphezulu eziphelile ngo-1427. Kodwa ayengahlanganiswa netende elibukhali. Bonke abanye abakhiqizi abakhulu "abanakekelwa ngokucophelela nokukhuthele" (njengoba umlobi osiqinisekisa) waqhubeka nomsebenzi kaJean d'Orbe. Ngo-1231, waphumelelwa nguJean le-Loup, futhi ngo-1247 yiGaucher Reims. Umnikelo omkhulu ekwakhiweni wenziwa nguBernard waseSoissons, onomqondo wokuthi kukhona indawo enkulu eseceleni esentshonalanga. Imibhoshongo emibili kanye negalari yamaKhosi yadalwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14 nguRobert de Coucy. Naphezu kokwakhiwa okwesikhathi eside nezinhloso zokudala zabadwebi abavelele, isitayela seReims Cathedral sahlala siphelele. Kuyi-facade yesentshonalanga kuphela engachazwa ngokuthi "i-Gothic evuthayo". Kodwa akaphuli i-symphony yamatshe. Phela, isitayela jikelele se-cathedral yi-Gothic yesi-classic.

Incazelo

Ubude besakhiwo buyizingamamitha angu-140, ububanzi buba ngamamitha angama-30. Ngakho-ke, lesi yisakhiwo esikhulu se-sacral seFrance, esisezingeni lesitayela seGothic. Kodwa-ke, ukukhukhuka kwesakhiwo akubonakali ngenxa yezindawo eziningi ezivuliwe ezivulekile, izimpondo ze-pyramidal, izithambile ezincane. Kusukela kude kubonakala sengathi ithempeli likhuphuka esibhakabhakeni. Omunye wemibhoshongo emibili usebenza njengombhoshongo. Ikhompeli laseGothic eReims, njengamanye amathempeli asesitayela eStrasbourg, eChartres noma eCologne, yahlobisa izithombe eziningi. Iningi labo, mahle, lahleka - uMbukiso WaseFrance Olukhulu futhi ikakhulukazi iMpi Yezwe Yokuqala yayinzima kakhulu ezakhiweni ze-sacral ze-Champagne. Noma kunjalo, lokho okusele kungacatshangelwa amahora. Isithombe esiqoshiwe kakhulu, esaba uphawu oluphawulekayo kuphela lwekatolika, kodwa umuzi wonke kaReims, "ingelosi ekhwehlelayo". Kufanelekile ukunaka isibalo sase-Atlanta, ophefumulela uVu Hugo ukwakha umfanekiso weQuasimodo. Amaphempeli ethempelini ahlotshiswe ngezigcawu zokugonywa kweNdodana yethu, ukuguquka kukaKristu kanye nesahlulelo sokugcina. Igalari yamaKhosi iyisiqephu sezithombe ezinkulu ezingu-56.

Umzuzwana wesiGreki wesithombe samaGothic

Yiziphi izazi ezeluleka ukuba zitholele ukunakwa komhlangano phakathi kukaMariya no-Elizabeth. Le mpumuzo itholakala ngakwesokudla komnyango omkhulu. Izibalo ezimbili zesifazane zisondele kakhulu emigodini yaseGrisi YaseGrithani ukuthi lokhu akuyeki ukumangaza abahlaziyi bezobuciko. Ngeshwa, igama lomdwebi owazi kahle, owahlanganyela ekwakheni ithempeli elizungeze 1220, akazange aphile. Kodwa ubuhlakani bakhe buzwakala kwezinye izithombe kanye nama-bas-reliefs. I-cathedral eReims ihlotshiswe ngamafasitela anamangalisa ama-glass and rose roses for Gothic. Ukuqapha okukhethekile kufanele kuholelwe efasiteleni lesigqila esenyakatho, esitshela ngokudala umhlaba.

Okubalulekile eFrance

I-Reims Cathedral isiye yaba yirejista yezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ekupheleni kwezwe. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1429, ngokubamba iqhaza okusebenzayo kwentombazane yase-Orleans uJeanne d'Arc, ukukhishwa kukaCharles VII kwenzeka. Lo mcimbi wawuyingxenye yokuguqula iMpi YeMinyaka Eyinkulungwane. Ngekhulu le-16, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu waseRheims wathola iVangeli leSlavonic ngendlela engaziwa. Emqulwini wesandla waseCyrillic, njengamakhophi angavamile, wonke amakhosi aseFrance afunga ukuthembeka isikhathi eside. Umkhosi wokugcina wokugcoba wombuso wenziwa ngoMeyi 29, 1825. Kodwa isikhathi sokubuyiselwa asizange sihlale isikhathi eside, futhi kungekudala uCharles X washiya isiteji sezombangazwe.

I-Cathedral kanye nesikhathi

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ithempeli lama-XIII-XIV leminyaka lalibukeka sengathi likhona manje esithombeni, i-cathedral yeReims ngokwezinga elithile "intsha". Phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, impi edumile kaMarne yawuguqula umuzi waba phakathi kwezempi. I-cathedral ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamabhomu eJalimane kwabhujiswa cishe ngokuphelele. Ukuhlala noma izingcezu zemifanekiso yasekuqaleni kwadluliselwa ePhalamende lase-Episcopal eliseduze (Palais Du Tau). Futhi phezu kwethempeli laqala umsebenzi omude wokubuyisela. Zaphela kuphela ngo-1938. Kwakungenzeka ukubuyisela amafasitela angenangilazi (ngosizo lwemidwebo kaMarc Chagall) kuphela ngo-1974.