Izimali, Umshwalense
Iyini ingxenye accumulative impesheni kanye umshuwalense? Dlulisa isikhathi ingxenye sezikhalazo impesheni. Zihlanganisa yiphi ingxenye umshwalense impesheni, futhi lokho ezuziwe
Cabanga ngekusasa lakho futhi sihlelele yabo yokuguga - it is a indlela enengqondo ekuphileni. Futhi emazweni asentshonalanga isifiso izakhamuzi esisekeliwe umthetho sisebenza iminyaka leminyenti. ERussia, izinguquko yempesheni isinyathelo isikhathi eside, kancane eminyakeni engaphezu kweyishumi. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, izakhamuzi eziningi sisebenzela namuhla abakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi yini ingxenye accumulative kwezimpesheni kanye umshwalense, futhi ngenxa yalokho, yini inani nokuvikeleka bayokuzila kakhulu eminyakeni yokuguga. Ukuze zilungisa le nkinga, udinga ukuba uzijwayeze ulwazi olulandelayo ngezansi.
Ngaphambi 2002, ukubala kwezimpesheni senzeka "isimiso womfelandawonye", eye yasetshenziswa kusukela ezinsukwini USSR. Phesheya, isimiso esinjalo ukusatshalaliswa ngokuthi «pay njengoba uya», okusho "akhokhe njengoba uya" ihunyushwa Russian. Ingqikithi zalesi simiso kwaba ukuthi iminikelo impesheni yato tonkhe takhamuti kukhululwe ukusebenza yezwe Kwasakazwa phakathi abantu abangekho umhlalaphansi okwamanje. Le ndlela kwaba ngempela okunengqondo futhi kuyafaneleka, kodwa kuphela kuze kube isikhathi lapho umthwalo yempesheni akazange landa ngokushesha. Ngaphambili, inani lemali elincane yesondlo uhlezi phezu eyodwa impesheni 2 - 2.5 zabantu abasebenza, kodwa Ukuwohloka isimo sabantu, lesi sibalo sehlile ngokushesha kuleli zwe. Futhi, ngokusho kongoti, esemdala ngo-2020, leli isilinganiso kuyoba 1: 1.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminikelo umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni zazo emalini yokusebenza izakhamuzi Pension Fund, ukwenza umsebenzi isimo utshalomali sesimanje emnothweni. Ukushintsha Umthetho yempesheni, isimo kuqinisekisa hhayi kuphela ikusasa labantu babo, kodwa futhi ithola ukumnika abalulekile capital entfutfukweni yabo.
Ingqikithi yalo kabusha kanye kumiswa impesheni zabasebenzi
Kusukela ngo-2002, sacala kusebenta 4 umthetho olawula umsebenzi uhlelo olinganiselayo impesheni. Kodwa ukukhuluma mayelana nezinguquko ezinkulu ngokuhambisana okuqukethwe le mibhalo, akunakwenzeka, ngoba inguquko abutshelezi uhlelo ukusatshalaliswa, pre-ekhona, nokusatshalaliswa kanye ukunqwabelana.
Njengoba engena amandla omthetho entsha ukwakheka impesheni zabasebenzi kwenziwe OPS uhlelo (ephoqelelwe umshwalense umhlalaphansi), futhi inezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: the umshwalense, eziyisisekelo kanye uxhaso. Njengoba usayizi impesheni, it is ibalwe ifomula osungulwe ngokomthetho kahulumeni.
Ngokuvamile, izinguquko ukuvumele izakhamuzi Russian ukulawula impesheni yabo, okwandisa imali yabo siqu ngokusebenzisa izinkampani ukuphathwa ngasese noma ezikhethekile izimali zempesheni yangasese.
Inkinga eyinhloko impesheni
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinguquko yempesheni laseRussia belilokhu ezisebenza isikhathi eside, abantu abaningi asebekhulile futhi izakhamuzi ukusebenza namanje abazange esiphethweni sokuthi le ngxenye accumulative impesheni kanye yomshuwalense. Futhi, ngakho-ke, angeke ukulahla ngokuphelele imali yabo futhi uthole inzuzo ehloniphekile. Yingakho, isiqala cabanga yanje yempesheni, kufanele uhlole nemiqondo eyisisekelo. Futhi kuphela emva kwalokho inkulumo, kungakhathaliseki ukuze uthumele ingxenye uxhaso kwezimpesheni kanye indlela yokukwenza?
Uhlelo impesheni 2002-2010
Bonke abaqashi Federation, ngokuhambisana nomthetho osebenzayo, ngenyanga kufanele ukukhokha iminikelo yesikhwama sempesheni in inani 20% iholo lomsebenzi ngamunye. Kuze kube sekupheleni 2007, izinga waba yizinqamu ezintathu: 4% uxhaswe ingxenye, 10% - umshwalense, futhi, ngokufanelekile, 6% - isizinda. Lokhu kusakazwa hhayi ngokuphelele kungalungile izakhamuzi abafuna ukwandisa imali engenayo uma utshala imali futhi umhlalaphansi ukuba uthole isamba ehloniphekile yesondlo ngenyanga. Kusukela ngo-January 2008, sacala kusebenta izichibiyelo zomthetho ku kabusha impesheni. Ngokusho kwabo, iphesenti umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni lancipha ngu amayunithi 2, okuyinto zidluliselwa isihloko se-USB.
Njengoba for osomabhizinisi ngabanye-ke, ngokuhambisana nomthetho, banesibopho sokunakekela ukhokhe PF izinga nyangazonke fixed ngokucacile. Ukuze izinhlangano yanoma yimuphi ubunikazi, usebenzisa indlela ekhethekile lula intela, uma iminikelo umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni ngo inani 10% no-4% - the uxhaso.
Basic ingxenye impesheni
Emincane kakhulu impesheni ingxenye izenzo base isabelo akuvunyelwe fixed isimo lemali emile njengesiqondiso ngisho yesiqinisekiso kuya izakhamuzi. Ekuqaleni, kwaba ruble 450 ngo-2002, kodwa le isamba ngokobungako ukwehla kwamandla emali njalo ngonyaka.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi, ngokomthetho, impesheni eziyisisekelo ngezimali iminikelo nyangazonke ukuthi abaqashi susa le PF. Nokho, empeleni leli nani akwanele ukuba kukhokhwe, ngakho-ke ivala isikhala isabelomali sikahulumeni. Phela, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubukhulu umshwalense ingxenye isizinda impesheni langena enkathini yamanje ku-akhawunti PF, umbuso kufanele ukufeza izibopho zayo ukuhlinzeka izakhamuzi emphakathini ungazivikele.
Le mali inikezwa ukuhlinzeka zonke izakhamuzi abaye sokumpeshena nelo sakhe amarobhothi kuyinto isihlale iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Olungisiwe izinga phezulu uncika kuphela abantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engu-iminyaka engu-80, abantu abakhubazekile kanye nabantu nge abondliwa ekhubazekile. Ngomqondo onabile, leli nani usejoyine wangaphambili co-pay, izibonelelo compensatory kanye nempesheni ubuncane. Oo Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukunikeza abanye iziqinisekiso ayisisekelo okusebenzelana nabanye abantu, lapho kuqinisekiswa kakhulu igama layo.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-2010, uphiko yimaphi uhlelo impesheni wanyamalala, futhi salandelwa ingxenye engaguquki impesheni umshwalense.
impesheni Izici uxhaso
Lamanje kabusha impesheni eminyakeni yamuva e-Russia kuhilela ukusetshenziswa imiqondo ezifana ingxenye accumulative impesheni, kwakhiwa okuyinto kusukela 6% eminikelo isidonswa nyanga ngumqashi ukuze yesikhwama sempesheni. Isici esiphawulekayo kusuka kwenye yezingxenye isikimu impesheni siwukuthi "bukhoma" kusho ukuthi ukwanda ngobukhulu uncike ngokuphelele phezu isisebenzi. Ingqikithi yalo ingxenye uxhaso impesheni ukuthi kungenzeka self-utshalomali imali yabo. Ngokwazi kungenzeka ukwandisa inhlokodolobha enqwabelene incike ngokukhetha ilungelo utshalomali isu, ngamanye amazwi, othile imali uyonikwa ukuphathwa.
Izinkokhelo wokuqala ngaphansi kwalesi sihloko emva izakhamuzi kabusha yaqala ukuthola izincwadi kusukela ngo-July 1, 2012, lapho saqala ukusebenza umthetho № 360-FZ (abantu kule dokhumenti kungcono eyaziwa njenge "Paymaster uMthetho"). Yiqiniso, amanani etholwe izakhamuzi akuyona enkulu kakhulu, kokubili isimiso futhi elithi ukonga, kodwa kwaba isinyathelo sokuqala ukuqinisekisa ezimele yokuguga.
Ukuguqula uhlelo impesheni uyaqhubeka ngesikhathi samanje eRussia. Sengingenile imithetho eminingi elawula iminikelo kanye indlela yokwakha kuba accumulative ingxenye. Enye intuthuko okufanele aziwa zonke, uthi kusukela 2015, uzobe kwakhiwa le ngxenye impesheni bonke abasebenzi "ngokuzenzakalelayo". Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphandle kokuletha isicelo ezifanelekile ukudluliswa kweemali ngaphansi ukuphathwa nezinye izinhlangano uxhaso ingxenye ivese uya umshwalense.
Namuhla, lapho ezintathu ongakhetha for impesheni ukuphathwa imali, futhi ngayinye kuwo kunezinzuzo zako kanye "izingibe".
Ngakho, into yokuqala ongayenza ngokulondoloza impesheni yakho yokonga - ke nje ngibashiye ku PF yomphakathi. kukho okuhle, akudingi bachitha isikhathi nomzamo wamaphepha, kodwa ukhetha, singakwazi ngethemba nje ukuthi ngesikhathi lonke okufanele, izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali izohamba okungenani inani elincane yokuguga. Omunye ethile ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthi umuntu angenakho angena esivumelwaneni umuntu PF futhi ayinaso ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa ngokuphathelene nakho isimo imali yabo. Buhle lokhu control, ungabiza ukuthi ukubuya isiqinisekiso izimali yisimo uqobo.
Indlela yesibili inzuzo okuningi, kanye sokuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye uxhaso impesheni angadluliselwa Criminal Code of Management (inkampani ukuphathwa). Isivuno ngokweqile uma utshala imali enjalo siqala kancane, kodwa izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali idlula ukuthi uqinisekisa ukuphepha ukonga. Kulesi samuntu, njengalena langaphambilini, yisiboniso isimo, umuntu kanye ngonyaka ukuthola ulwazi mayelana yabo akhawunti yokonga. Naphezu umnotho nokuphathwa kwezimali Criminal Code has ngezinga eliphakeme lobungozi, njengoba kulezi zinhlangano anelungelo ukutshala amathuluzi inzuzo.
Inketho lwesithathu longabekelwa ngabantu hhayi kuphela kahle ngamakhasimende kulokho uxhaso kanye umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni, kodwa futhi uzimisele ukudela ukusekelwa Federation, emnike izimali zabo kwezimali zempesheni yangasese. Njengoba ngemvume umuntu inkontileka okuyingxenye accumulative impesheni iba yindawo yoMkhandlu NPF. Ngokungangabazeki, ukubuya kuleli utshalomali kuyoba nokukhuphuka kwamanani ezimpahla kakhulu kunalokhu, kodwa ngisho ukuthi ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukugcwaliseka izibopho ukukhokha izimali.
Ngaphambi ukhetha ukunikeza sokuguga kukho imali engxenyeni accumulative kwezimpesheni, kufanele ucabangele ngokucophelela zonke izinketho.
Indlela yokuhumusha ingxenye uxhaso impesheni?
Kuze kube manje, amalungu akhuthele izinguquko yempesheni, kuhileleke nezinye izinkinga okuyinto enkulu ohlelweni uxhaso, kukhona izakhamuzi zaseRussia, abazalwa ngemva 1967. Bona ingakwazi ukulawula izikimu yazo yempesheni futhi banqume ukuthi ukutshala lokhu nemali. Abaningi, yebo, ngaphandle kokudala nobunzima ezengeziwe ngokwabo, uncamela ukugcina imali yesikhwama sempesheni we inhlangano futhi sethemba kuphela isimo. Kodwa labo unganelisekile i eyinzuzo ngezansi kwamandla emali, ungadlulisa imali yabo yokugcina inkampani ukuphathwa noma NPF. Dlulisa isikhathi ingxenye accumulative impesheni akunqunywa ngesikhathi esibekiwe, ngakho isicelo kungaba zithunyelwe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Nokho, isivumelwano imali sizokwenziwa kuphela zizosebenza kusukela ngoJanuwari ngonyaka ozayo, kanti imali PF federal inkampani entsha ukuphathwa ohlwini kuze 31 Mashi. Uma nganoma isiphi isizathu umuntu kwesamba is awanelisekile ne umphumela ngokubambisana neNhlangano inkampani ukuphathwa ke ngemva konyaka owodwa ingxenye accumulative impesheni angadluliselwa komunye CC.
Ixashwa impesheni insika namuhla
Uthembekile izimo utshalomali ekuqongeleleni imali ezisebenza Russian Federation kuphela kuze 2013, lapho uhulumeni zomthetho ezingeni yokungenzi bazuza bayizakhamuzi umane ungahambi mayelana izimali zabo. Kodwa akunjalo categorical njengoba kubonakala efika kuqala. Kulabo sina ufuna nodaba yokuqinisekisa yabo yokuguga, le ndlela inikezwa ngokugcwele. Kungenxa yalesi ingxenye enwetshiwe accumulative impesheni, nesikhathi esiqondile lapho abantu bangakhetha izinga yabo kanye nenkampani yakho ukuze utshalomali. Ngaphambi 2015, zonke izakhamuzi ukusebenza bangafaka isicelo sokuya kulondolozwe 6% iminikelo provident fund. Uma leli phepha ukuze bangabhekani akuyona sigcwalisiwe, isimo unelungelo ukunciphisa lokhu isilinganiso 2%, noma ngisho kwisi zonke ibe iphesenti umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni. Nakuba kukhona ithuba lokulondoloza futhi ukutshala ngempumelelo zidingeka ngokushesha ukonga sempesheni yabo isicelo PF.
Kanjani ukuze uthole izimpesheni?
Njengoba bengena ukuphumula okufanele zonke izakhamuzi ukuba bahlanganyele impesheni isikimu uxhaso iyafaneleka ukuthola imali. Lokhu kungenziwa ngezindlela ezintathu, efanelekayo impesheni. Okokuqala, uma lemali anqwabelene kuyinto ongabalulekile lowo, thina nihlela isamba semali lapho oyokwenziwa zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu 90 nokufakwa isicelo. Okwesibili, ungakwazi yokwelula izinkokhelo isikhathi esithile futhi ehlelekile zithole amanani fixed. Okwesithathu, uma umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni sokuguga incane, izimali zanqwabelana kungenziwa ihlukaniswe isikhathi ukusinda nokuthola ibhekwa njengoba kubo.
Kodwa, njengoba kuzo zonke umthetho, umthetho ekukhokhweni impesheni uxhaso kunokuningi okungakhulunywanga evumela ukuba kukhokhwe ngokushesha. Nokho, bancika eyodwa kuphela uhlobo lwabantu oVikelwe, okuyinto izinhlelo co-usekelwa futhi ukhokhe iminikelo bebodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kube owesifazane ukuqondisa ingxenye esebenzisa inhlokodolobha umzali ku PF. Igama elithi ka izinkokhelo esinjalo singeze sibe eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-10.
Ifa yempesheni ekuqongeleleni imali
Ukwazi lokho okuyingxenye accumulative impesheni kanye umshwalense akunzima ukuqagela lapho omunye kungenzeka ukuqinisekisa yobudala enesizotha ubudala. Kodwa akugcini lapho izinzuzo ingxenye uxhaso. abamukelayo ayo akwazi ifa umuntu kwesamba. Kuyinto ngokwanele ukuba banxuse Criminal Code noma yesikhwama sempesheni futhi ukuhambisa amaphepha afanele.
I umshwalense ingxenye impesheni
Uma ucabangela okushiwo yomshuwalense ingxenye yempesheni, kuphephile ukusho ukuthi lesi sici yesimiso ubudala impesheni. Ngemva yonke iminikelo esakhokhwa abaqashi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi sihloko, anawo isimo ngesikhathi bese kwabelwa umhlalaphansi zamanje. Ngenxa yalokho, i-umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni sokuguga - lena kuphela umqondo wokuthi okunemibandela ezuziwe.
Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba 2010, ingxenye yempesheni ahlukanisa e wodwana, futhi emalini% 8 kuphela iminikelo nyangazonke ezivela kubaqashi. Kodwa ke iphesenti umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni kulekelelwa isizinda, kakhulu okwandisa Isikhwama umshwalense. a Ukuqondisa kabusha okunjalo kwezimali eza isimo, bavunyelwe ukuba kukhokhwe izibopho nempesheni bonke umhlalaphansi zamanje, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukutshalwa ezengeziwe.
Basic impesheni amagama based
Ngaphambi kokucabangela lokho ingxenye umshwalense impesheni, futhi kungakanani uzokhokhelwa kumuntu ezuziwe ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi, kufanele ucabange ezinye imiqondo ebalulekile eziningana. Ngakho, ngaphansi asetshenziswa elithi "impesheni inhlokodolobha" ngeke kusho inani lemali abake umnikelo wesisebenzi ngenyanga yonke iminyaka umsebenzi isipiliyoni. Eyesibili, kodwa okubaluleke ngokulinganayo umqondo ukuthi udinga ukwazi ukubala usayizi umshwalense ingxenye impesheni - ". Sokusinda elithi" Ukusetshenziswa kwegama elithi, Uma unganakile, kubonakala ngempela luhlaza lokho futhi ukungabonisi nhlonipho uma umhlalaphansi, kodwa ukubala ilungiselelo nyangazonke akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwalo. Libonisa sokusinda presumable eside yezakhamuzi ubudala zihlaba futhi alinganayo bonke, kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi ngemva isamba esithile esinqunyiwe abantu ngeke usathola impesheni. Imali eningi eyengeziwe isabelomali isimo ngaleli zinga njengakuqala.
Kanjani ukubala impesheni lungiselelo?
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye umshwalense impesheni zizokhokhelwa isakhamuzi emva kokufinyelela eminyakeni ewu umhlalaphansi, kubalulekile ukwazi ngqo usayizi kwempahla nempesheni ebekiwe ngokomthetho okusinda eside. Izinga yokugcina ngo-2002 eneminyaka engu-12 futhi kunyuke ngo-ezingu-12 minyaka yonke. Ngakho, ngo-2013 kwesikhathi babengamaphesenti izinyanga 228.
Kubalwa nyangazonke yomshuwalense efinyelela for ifomula elula zezibalo: COA = PC / CD + CP, lapho PC - ibalwa impesheni dolobha ezakhiwe iminikelo evela impesheni iminyaka umsebenzi nakho; DM - esungulwe semholo kwezimpesheni (isikhathi ukusinda); CP - ingxenye engaguquki yempesheni, okwakubekelwa eyayaziwa ingxenye isizinda.
Ukuze impesheni okuholela isamba kwakulingana ezingeni emali, i-umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni zabasebenzi ngokobungako ngonyaka. Le ndlela ekulondolozweni engenayo izakhamuzi 'ikuvumela ukuba ugcine ukuzinza izimo zokuphila abadala.
Umthelela yezinguquko ezimpilweni impesheni lempi
Zonke imithetho izinguquko Impesheni Waqala ukusebenza ngo-2002, amalungelo impesheni lempi ukuthola umhlalaphansi kahle deserved ngokugcwele ayahlukunyezwa. Ngamanye amazwi, isigaba abantu iminyaka wanika izikweletu state, waya ngeholide, ngikholelwa kuphela umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni lempi. Uma ngemva kokushiya emabuthweni ahlomile, abantu waqhubeka esebenza e yimuphi omunye umkhakha, futhi umqashi wakhe okhokhela iminikelo esikhwameni sempesheni, izamba nje wahlala kwesabelomali Federation. Lokhu ukungabi nabulungisa kuye kwabangela yentukuthelo uquqaba hhayi kuphela ngenxa kanembeza, kodwa futhi kwezinye izigaba yabasebenzi isabelomali, ngakho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba ukuxazulula inkinga ngokushesha.
Phakathi 2008, isimo sashintsha ngokuphelele kusukela sesingasebenza ezinye izinguquko imithetho eyisisekelo ku kabusha impesheni. Kusukela ngalowo mzuzu kuqhubeke yomshuwalense ingxenye impesheni impesheni lempi phathelana ibalwa ngesisekelo inhlokodolobha Imininingwane. Ngamanye amazwi, uma umuntu iqede emabuthweni ahlomile futhi waqhubeka esebenza ebhizinisini empini, yonke iminikelo nyangazonke ukuba yesikhwama sempesheni waqhubeka kumiswa nekomkhulu lalo elilinganisiwe.
Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi abantu kabusha impesheni eminyakeni yamuva, mhlawumbe, futhi kancane yokuthuthukisa zezimali inhlalakahle asebekhulile, kodwa imigomo akukaze kufinyelelwe. Isibalo sabathola impesheni yabadala ngokwanele ezinkulu, ngokulandelana, ahlale okungenani zomshuwalense ingxenye yempesheni. Lokho kuyinto: bezimali iphutha noma imininingwane wacabanga isu? Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, kunzima kakhulu namuhla, futhi akusizi ngalutho. Funa imbangela yokwehluleka kwephuze kakhulu, kubalulekile ukuba ukuxazulula le nkinga, futhi PF wathola kukho inzuzo aphume isimo: ukwandisa ubungako inhlokodolobha kulinganiselwa ngokusebenzisa iminikelo sabantu abasebenzayo.
Yiqiniso, izinguquko ezintsha yempesheni, asikhulumi ngokwanda zenzalo, kodwa kuphela mayelana kabusha izimali ezivela Criminal Code emandleni isabelomali umfelandawonye sika. Kulabo abantu abangahloniphi enkingeni ngokwabo ngolwazi ngalokho usekelwa futhi umshwalense ingxenye yempesheni, konke kuba lula. Ngeke kudingeke cabanga izimali utshalomali, futhi bathembele kuphela isimo, okuyinto nakanjani impesheni yabo. Ngakho, kulahlwa PF kuyoba izimali kakhulu ngaphezulu ukukhokhela izibopho zayo, kodwa kungaba khona kanjani isimiso esinjalo, kuyocaca ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
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