Gustave Eiffel: biography, isithombe. Amabhuloho uGustave Eiffel

Ukuphela kwekhulu le-XIX kwakulindeleke ukuthi kutholakale isimo segolide esikhathini somlando wobunjiniyela. Lokhu uyakhokhwa kubaqambi abakhulu, okwakhiwa kwawo okwamanje kubonisa lokhu noma lokho okubaluleke kakhulu komlando. U-Alexander Gustave Eiffel waziwa ngabantu abavamile njengomdali wendonga edumile yaseParis. Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi wayephila impilo ematasa kakhulu futhi wadala izakhiwo eziningi ezivelele. Ake sithole kabanzi mayelana nalena onjiniyela omkhulu nomklami.

Ubuntwana kanye nemfundo

UGustave Eiffel wazalwa ngo-1832 edolobheni laseDijon, eliseBurgundy. Ubaba wakhe waphumelela kakhulu ukuvuna amagilebhisi emasimini akhe amakhulu. Kodwa uGustave akafuni ukunikela impilo yakhe kwezolimo futhi ngemva kokufunda esikoleni sokuzivocavoca wangena eParis Polytechnic School. Ngemva kokufunda lapho iminyaka emithathu, umklami wesikhathi esizayo waya e-Central School of Crafts and Arts. Ngo-1855 uGustave Eiffel waphetha izifundo zakhe.

Umsebenzi wokuqala

Ngaleso sikhathi ubunjiniyela babhekwa njengesiyalo sokuzikhethela, ngakho-ke umklami omncane wathola umsebenzi eqenjini elisebenza ekuthuthukiseni nasekwakha amabhuloho. Ngo-1858, uGustave Eiffel wadala ibhuloho lakhe lokuqala. Le phrojekthi ayikwazanga ukubizwa ngokuthi evamile, kanye nayo yonke imisebenzi elandelayo yomklami. Ukubamba izibhamu kwakubambe iqhaza, le ndoda yayiphakamisa ukuthi iwaxoshe phansi nge- hydraulic press. Kuze kube manje, le ndlela isetshenziswe ngokungajwayelekile, ngoba idinga ukuqeqeshwa okubanzi kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukusetha ngokunembile izinqwaba ngamamitha angama-25, u-Eiffel kwadingeka akhethe idivayisi ekhethekile. Lapho ibhuloho lakhiwe ngempumelelo, uGustave waqashelwa njengonjiniyela webhuloho. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili eyalandela, wakha izakhiwo eziningi ezahlukene kanye nezikhumbuzo ezinkulu zomakhiwo, ezihlanganisa ibhuloho iBir-Akem, i-Alexander III ibhuloho, umbhoshongo we-Eiffel nokuningi.

Ukubukeka okungavamile

Emsebenzini wakhe u-Eiffel wayezama njalo ukuletha okuthile okungeke kwenzeke kuphela ekunciphiseni ikusasa labaklami nabakhi, kodwa futhi kubambe iqhaza kulo mkhakha. Edala ibhuloho yayo yokuqala, uGustave Eiffel wanquma ukushiya ukwakhiwa kwe-scaffolding eyingozi. I-arch enkulu ensimbi yebhuloho yakhiwa kusengaphambili ogwini. Futhi ukuyifaka endaweni, umklami wayedinga ikhebula elilodwa lensimbi elene phakathi kwamabhange. Le ndlela yaqala ukusetshenziselwa yonke indawo, kodwa eminyakeni engama-50 kuphela ngemva kokuba u-Eifel asungulwe.

Ibhuloho phezu kwe-Thuyer

Amabhuloho kaGustave e-Eiffel ayelokhu ephuma, kodwa kukhona amaphrojekthi amanga phakathi kwawo. Lezi zihlanganisa i-viaduct eyakhelwe ngaphesheya komfula iTyuyer. Ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwalowo msebenzi kwakuwukuthi kwakudingeka ahlale endaweni yentaba engamamitha ayi-165 ejulile. Ngaphambi kuka-Eiffel, onjiniyela abaningana banikezwa ukwakha le viaduct , kodwa bonke benqaba. Uhlongoze ukumboza umgogodla obomvu omkhulu osekelwe ngamapyloni amabili okhonkolo.

I-arch yayinama-halves amabili, afanelekele omunye komunye kuya kweshumi lesigidimitha. Le bhuloho yaba yisikole esihle kakhulu se-Eiffel. Wathola isipiliyoni esibalulekile futhi wachaza impilo yakhe kanye neziqondiso zomsebenzi.

Kanye neqembu labanjiniyela, uGustave wakhetha inqubo eyingqayizivele evumela ukubala isakhiwo sensimbi cishe noma yikuphi ukucushwa. Njengoba sakha ibhuloho ngeTyuyer, i-hero yezindaba zethu yathatha umbukiso wembukiso yezimboni eParis, okwakuzokwenzeka ngo-1878.

«Ihholo lezimoto»

Ngomunye unjiniyela odumile waseFrance uDion, u-Eiffel wadala isakhiwo esihloniphekile, esabizwa ngokuthi "IHholo lamaMishini". Ubude besakhiwo kwakungu-420, ububanzi - 115, nokuphakama - amamitha angu-45. Isakhiwo saleso sakhiwo sasiyinkimbinkimbi yensimbi yefomu evulekile, lapho ukubopha ingilazi yokumisa okuthakazelisayo kugcinwa khona.

Lapho abaholi benkampani, okwakudingeka bakhiqize iphrojekthi ye-Eiffel, bajwayelene nomqondo wakhe, bathole into engenakwenzeka. Into yokuqala eyabathuthukisa ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi izakhiwo ezinezilinganiso ezinjalo azikho nhlobo. Noma kunjalo, "iHholo lamaMishini" lakhiwa, ngenxa yalokho umklami onesibindi wanikezwa indondo yegolide ngesisombululo sezobuchwepheshe esingenakulinganiswa. Ngeshwa, asikwazi ukubona isithombe salesi sakhiwo esithakazelisayo, kusukela ngo-1910 sichithwa.

Ukuklanywa kwe "Holo yamaMishini" kuncike ngokugcwele emikhonini yokukhonkolo, ubukhulu obuncane. Le nqubo yasiza ukugwema ukukhubazeka okungenakwenzeka ngenxa yokufuduka kwemvelo kwenhlabathi. Le ndlela yokuqamba umklami omkhulu asetshenziselwa amaphrojekthi akhe izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.

Umbhoshongo okungenzeka wawungekho

Ngo-1898, ngasekupheleni kombukiso olandelayo waseParis, uGustave Eiffel wakha umbhoshongo ongamamitha angaba ngu-300 phezulu. Ngokomqondo we-engineer, kwakuzoba yindawo eyakhiwe yidolobha lombukiso. Ngaleso sikhathi, umklami akakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi lo mnqamulajuqu wawuzoba esinye sezibonakaliso eziyisihluthulelo saseParis futhi udumisa umakhi webhulogi amakhulu eminyaka emva kokufa kwakhe. Ukuthuthukisa lo mklamo, u-Eifel waphinde wasebenzisa ithalenta yakhe futhi wenza okungaphezu kweyodwa ukutholakala. Umbhoshongo unezinsimbi ezincane zensimbi ezinamathele komunye nomunye ngokusebenzisa ama-rivets. Umdwebo oguqulwayo wombhoshongo ubonakala uphambuka ngaphezu kwedolobha.

Kunzima ukucabanga, kodwa manje kungenzeka ukuthi akuyona indawo ephambili yeParis. Ekuqaleni kuka-1888, inyanga emva kokuqala kwemisebenzi yokwakha, umbhikisho wabhalwa egameni likaSihlalo wekomidi lokubukisa. Wakhiwa yiqembu labaculi nabalobi. Bacela ukushiya ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo, njengoba kungabhubhisa indawo ejwayelekile yesizwe saseFrance.

Futhi-ke umklami odumile uT. Alfan uphakamise ngokucacile ukuthi iphrojekthi ye-Eiffel inamandla amakhulu futhi angeke ibe yindawo ebalulekile yombukiso, kodwa futhi ukukhanga okukhulu eParis. Ngakho-ke, kungakapheli amashumi amabili eminyaka ukwakhiwa, idolobha elikhulu laqala ukuhambisana nomklamo womklami, owawuthatha umkhuba ukucabanga ngokungavamile futhi angesabi izinqumo ezinesibindi. Unjiniyela ngokwakhe wabiza indalo yakhe ngokuthi "umbhoshongo wamamitha angu-300", kodwa umphakathi wahlonipha udumo lwakhe lokuya emlandweni wezinhlanga eziningi, wabiza umbhoshongo igama lakhe.

Isitembu Sokukhululeka

Bambalwa abantu abakwaziyo, kodwa kwakunguGustave Eiffel, ongu-biography owawunesithakazelo namuhla, saqinisekisa ubude bomfanekiso waseMelika - iSitatimende Sokukhululeka.

Konke kwaqala ngeqiniso lokuthi umklami waseFrance, ngesikhathi kwakhiwa umbhoshongo wakhe, wahlangana nomlingani wakhe waseMelika - isakhiwo uT. Bartholdi. Lezi zinsuku zazibandakanya ekwakhiweni kwebhola laseMelika embukisweni. Isikhungo salokho kuvezwa kwakuzoba yisithombe esincane sesethusi, esiyiNkululeko ebizwa ngokuthi umuntu.

Ngemva kombukiso, amaFulentshi akhulisa isithombe esiphezulu samamitha angu-93 futhi sanikela eMelika. Kodwa-ke, lapho isikhumbuzo sesikhathi esizayo sifike endaweni yokufaka, kwacaca ukuthi kwakunesidingo esinamandla socingo sokufakwa. Injini kuphela eyayiqonda ukubalwa kwezinhlaka ezingenawo amanzi kwakunguGustave Eiffel.

Wakwazi ukudala uhlaka olunempumelelo ukuthi isifanekiso sesimi iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, futhi imimoya eqinile esuka olwandle ayimkhathazi. Lapho eminyakeni embalwa edlule uphawu lwamaMelika lubuyiselwe, kunqunywe ukuhlola izibalo ze-Eiffel besebenzisa uhlelo lwekhompyutha lwanamuhla. Okumangalisa ukuthi uhlaka oluhlongozwa yinjineli luhambisana ncamashi nemodeli umshini othuthukile.

I-Laboratory

Ngemuva impumelelo emangalisayo emibukisweni emibili, i-hero yengxoxo yethu yanquma ukufunda ucwaningo ngokujulile. Edolobheni lase-Auteuil, wadala ngaphandle kwebhulari lokuqala lokuqala, elihlola ukuthi umoya usebenza kanjani ekuqineni kwezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene. U-Eifel wayengunjiniyela wokuqala wezwe owasebenzisa umhubhe omoya ocwaningweni. Umklami wanyathelisa imiphumela yakhe ochungechungeni lwemisebenzi eyisisekelo. Kuze kube yilolu suku, ukuthuthukiswa kwalo kubhekwa njenge-encyclopedia yobunjiniyela.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, sifundile ukuthi, ngaphandle kombhoshongo waseParis, uGustave Eiffel udume. Izithombe zezinto zakhe zidumile futhi zenza ucabange ngobukhulu bomuntu kanye namathuba amakhulu kakhulu engqondweni yethu. Kodwa ekuqaleni komgwaqo u-Eiffel wayengumklami olula wamabhuloho, imibono yakhe eyabangela ukudideka phakathi kwabalingani bakhe. Impela indaba ekhuthazayo.