Uhlu rocks alfabhethi

Rocks kukhona amaminerali kanye compounds zabo. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukucabanga iplanethi yethu ngaphandle namaminerali empeleni ukwakha kuwo.

Izinhlelo zokulinganisa

Ukwaba lenqwaba zilwane izinhlobo zihlukaniswe amaqembu. Okushintshwe avelele:

• sedimentary;
• metamorphic;
• magmatic.

share kwakamuva omunye emahlangothini amathathu:

• plutonic;
• hypabyssal;
• mlilo.

Subgroups zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• omuncu;
• naphakathi;
• eziyisisekelo;
• ultrabasic.

Cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba enze uhlu oluphelele idwala, ikhumbula zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, ngakho amaningi. Kulesi sihloko sizokwenza umzamo ukuhlela ulwazi mayelana nezinhlobo ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi evamile.

rocks Metamorphic: uhlu

Labo kwakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya ungqimba lomhlaba ejwayelekile izinqubo endogenous. Njengoba ukuguqulwa kwenzeka uma izinto esigabeni okuqinile, zingabantu zibukeke unnoticeable. Phakathi shintsho, ukushintsha isakhiwo, ukuthungwa, yokwakheka idwala yasekuqaleni. Izinguquko ezinjalo, ngakho ziye zenzeka, udinga inhlanganisela ezinhle:

• Ukushisa;
• ingcindezi;
• umphumela amagesi, izixazululo.

Kube metamorphism:

• zesifunda;
• Oxhumana;
• ezingaphansi kolwandle;
• pneumatolytic;
• metamorphism.

Okulandelayo uhlu rock ngama-alfabethi kuleli qembu amaminerali.

amphibolites

Lezi namaminerali akhiwa ngu hornblende futhi plagioclase. Tape kuqala libhekwa njengoba silicate. Yesilinganiso amphibolites - a oluthambile noma afanayo imibala kusuka green kumnyama abamnyama. Umbala ekutheni yimalini yezingxenye amnyama-ezinemibala zikhona indlela yokwakheka amaminerali. namaminerali yesibili yaleli qembu:

• amabhomu;
• magnetite;
• titanium;
• zoisite.

gneiss

Ngo oyiyo, gneiss egwadle eduze kakhulu. Yesilinganiso ukuhlukanisa lezi amaminerali ezimbili ezivela nomunye akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba egwadle futhi gneiss amakhophi eza kuye e nemingcele ngokomzimba. Kodwa intengo gneiss aphansi.

Gneisses ayatholakala kabanzi, ngakho isicelo ukwakhiwa. Minerals zihlukene futhi tebuciko. Ubuningi kuphezulu, ngakho itshe ingasetshenziswa njengendlela aggregate ukhonkolo. Lapho porosity amancane ongaphakeme amanzi ukumuncwa gneiss aye anda ukumelana zeqhwa. Njengoba ukuguguleka futhi ezincane, ukusetshenziswa namaminerali uvunyelwe njengoba ebheke.

shales

Ukwenza uhlu idwala, phakathi metamorphic uqinisekile ingasaphathwa schists. Ukwabela izinhlobo ezinjalo, njenge:

• ubumba;
• crystal;
• talc;
• chlorite.

Ngenxa isakhiwo engavamile futhi aesthetics itshe, eminyakeni yamuva, i-slate isibe impahla esisemqoka zokuhlobisa ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha.

Shales - iqembu kunalokho enkulu, akha emadwaleni. Uhlu lwamagama izinhlobo ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa abantu ngekwetinhloso letehlukene (ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni, ukulungisa, ukwakhiwa kabusha):

• siltstone;
• zlatalit;
• serpantinitovy;
• gneiss;
• phyllitic futhi amasleyithi.

quartzite

Leli tshe udume amandla awo, kusukela kwamiswa asebenza ngebhethri is ne kwalokho amanyela. Kwakheka quartzite sandstone lapho izakhi sokuqala asebenza ngebhethri amaminerali indawo ngesikhathi metamorphism lesifunda.

Emvelweni, quartzite wathola ukwakheka okuqinile. ukungcola njalo:

• hematite;
• egwadle;
• silicon;
• magnetite;
• mica.

Imali abacebe zitholakala ku:

• US;
• India;
• Russia;
• Canada.

Izici eziyinhloko amaminerali:

• ukumelana frost, umswakama, izinga lokushisa;
• amandla;
• ukuphepha, nobungane kwemvelo;
• ukuqina;
• ukumelana alkalis, acid.

Philly

Not okungenani ngo uhlu idwala fanele phyllites. Akulesi sesimweni Lesisemkhatsini phakathi ngobumba mica schists. Indaba aminyene futhi okuncane. Kulokhu, amatshe ngokusobala crystalline, basuke elinesimo schistosity evelele.

Phyllites babe sheen silky. Umbala - black, shades of gray. Minerals ahlukaniselwe slabs mncane. Njengengxenye phyllites ukukhulula:

• mica;
• sericite.

Kungase kube okusanhlamvu zinhlayiya:

• albite;
• andalusite;
• emhlophe;
• asebenza ngebhethri.

ezifakwa ocebile phyllite eFrance, eNgilandi nase-United States.

rocks sedimentary: uhlu

Minerals yaleli qembu zitholakala ngokuyinhloko phezu. Ukuze ukwakheka kwale mibandela elandelayo kumele kwenziwe:

• lokushisa ongaphakeme;
• inani lemvula enayo.

Kukhona subtypes ezintathu zofuzo:

• clastic emelela amatshe indawo kwakhiwa ukwa emadwaleni;
• ubumba, umsuka okuyinto lihlotshaniswa ushintsho amaminerali amaqembu "silicate" futhi "aluminosilicate";
• biohemo-, chemo-, organogenic. sebethule okunjalo izinqubo akhiwa nezixazululo ezifanele. Lokhu futhi kuthatha esebenzayo ingxenye eziphilayo ezincane hhayi kuphela, izinto eziphilayo. Indima ebalulekile imfucumfucu.

Kusukela ukukhululwa chemogenic:

• halides;
• sulfate.

Uhlu amatshe kule iqeqebana:

• Gypsum;
• anhydrite;
• sylvinite;
• rock usawoti;
• carnallite.

Into ebaluleke kakhulu amatshe sedimentary:

• Dolomite, elicinene-limestone-like.
• Lime ehlanganisa ye-potassium carbonate ne admixture we inani elifanayo inclusions kanye magnesium. Amapharamitha amaminerali ububanzi, kunqunywa ukwakheka kanye nesakhiwo, kanye nokumbiwa ukuthungwa. Isici esiyinhloko - anda amazinga amandla compressive.
• Sandstone kwakhiwa okusanhlamvu amaminerali oxhumene izinto odabuka yemvelo. itshe Ukuvikeleka incike admixtures futhi ngalokho izidakamizwa kwaba isibopho.

rocks Volcanic

Qiniseka ukuthi amatshe wentaba-mlilo kufanele kushiwo. Uhlu imikhiqizo enjalo, kuhlanganise lapha amaminerali imiswe phakathi kwezintaba-mlilo. Kulo release:

• effusive;
• clastic;
• mlilo.

Isigaba sokuqala, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-rock mlilo, zihlanganisa:

• andesite;
• basalt;
• diabase;
• liparite;
• kuqhoqhoqho.

Ngu pyroclastic, okungukuthi detrital, isikhundla:

• breccia;
• tuffs.

Cishe uhlu olugcwele kwama-alfabhethi of wentaba-mlilo idwala izinhlobo:

• anorthosite;
• egwadle;
• gabbro;
• diorite;
• dunite;
• Komati;
• latites;
• monzonite;
• obsidian;
• pegmatite;
• peridotite;
• Perlite;
• ilula;
• rhyolite;
• syenite;
• tonalite;
• petrosilex;
• slag.

rocks Organic

Kusukela izinsalela zezinto eziphilayo akhiwa amatshe organic, uhlu okuyinto kufanele iqala indaba enkulu kakhulu - wokulinganisa. Lezi amadwala basonta sekuxoxiwe ngenhla sedimentary iqembu futhi ibalulekile hhayi kuphela ngokuya ukusebenza ukuxazulula imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yabantu, kodwa njengoba material ocebile bemivubukulo.

I zenyathi ebaluleke kakhulu lolu hlobo rock - wokulinganisa. Kuyinto eyaziwayo kabanzi futhi ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke: kulotshiwe ku amabhodi ezikoleni.

Mel kwakhiwa calcite, okuyinto wayeke lalinabashumayeli amagobolondo wahlala olwandle lasendulo coccolithophorids ulwelwe. Lawa kwakungamadodana eziphilayo ezincane ngobuningi abahlala kule planethi yethu izigidi eziyikhulu edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, i-ulwelwe letingabhukusha ngokukhululeka kulo nsimu enkulu kolwandle efudumele. Dying, eziphilayo ezincane awela phansi, ukwakha ungqimba obukhulu. Ezinye izindawo abacebile idiphozithi yanoma inhlabathi, kunamakhulu amamitha ukujiya nokuningi. I aziwayo kakhulu emagqumeni wokulinganisa:

• iVolga;
• French;
• IsiZulu.

Ngokufunda rocks Cretaceous, ososayensi bathole iminonjana kubo:

• sea urchin;
• shellfish;
• neziponji.

Njengomthetho, lezi inclusions - kuphela amaphesenti ezimbalwa wokulinganisa Imininingwane ezobhekwa, ukuze izingxenye ezifana akuziphazamisi kwemigomo zohlobo. Ngemva kokutadisha ezifakwa Cretaceous, le sokuma ithola ulwazi mayelana:

• yobudala zohlobo;
• kukholamu amanzi ukuthi lalilapho phambi;
• Izimo ezikhethekile ukuthi ngaphambili ezazisetshenziswa kakhulu kuleyo ndawo ifundelwe.

rocks Igneous

Ngaphansi magmatism elivame ukuqondwa ngayo njengoba isiqalo nesigcino imihlola okubangelwa magma kanye nemisebenzi yayo. Magma - a ncibilika silicate, ngokwemvelo samanje ewuketshezi, eduze komlilo. Njengengxenye magma kukhona iphesenti eliphezulu izakhi oluyingozi. Kwezinye izimo, zikhona zinhlobo:

• non-silicate;
• nizkosilikatnye.

Lapho magma ayaphola bese crystallizes, kukhona amatshe igneous. Futhi ngokuthi igneous.

Ukwabela zohlobo:

• awayiphazamisi;
• effezivnye.

Okokuqala kwakheka at ukujula okukhulu, kanti owesibili - ngesikhathi kuqhuma, ie ngqo ebusweni kule planethi.

Ngokuvamile njengoba ingxenye magma has ezihlukahlukene emadwaleni, elicibilikile exutshwe mass silicate. Lokhu kwasusa:

• ukhulisa izinga lokushisa emhlabeni mkhulu;
• ingcindezi akhishwa;
• inhlanganisela yezici.

I version zakudala magmatic rocks - egwadle. Kakade kakhulu igama lakhe Latin - "umlilo" limelela ukuthi zohlobo in esimweni saso sokuqala sasishisa kakhulu. Granite kuyancomeka hhayi kuphela nemingcele yayo lobuchwepheshe (le nto Liyindawo eliqinile le), kodwa futhi ngenxa ubuhle, ngenxa inclusions crystalline.